16.14.3
Past Participles
Regular Past Participles
Regular Past Participles
To form the past participle, remove the infinitive ending and add the endings ‘ado’ or ‘ido’ to the verb stem.
AR verbs
AR verbs
- To form the past participles of AR verbs, take the infinitive and replace the ‘ar’ with ’ado'.
- Estudiar → estudiado (studied).
IR and ER verbs
IR and ER verbs
- To form the past participles of IR verbs, take the infinitive and replace the 'ir' with 'ido'.
- Salir → salido (gone out).
- To form the past participles of ER verbs, take the infinitive and replace the 'er' with 'ido'.
- Conocer → conocido (known).
Irregular Past Participles
Irregular Past Participles
There are certain irregular past participles and there is no rule to help learn them. But they can be grouped in certain irregular patterns. Derivatives of these verbs will follow the same pattern.
Ending in 'ierto'
Ending in 'ierto'
- Abrir → abierto (opened).
- Cubrir → cubierto (covered).
- Descubrir → descubierto (discovered).
Ending in 'ito'
Ending in 'ito'
- Escribir → escrito (written).
- Describir → descrito (described).
- Freír → frito (fried).
Ending in 'sto'
Ending in 'sto'
- Ver → visto (seen).
- Poner → puesto (put).
- The derivatives of 'poner' also follow this pattern.
- Imponer → impuesto (imposed).
- Suponer → supuesto (supposed).
- The derivatives of 'poner' also follow this pattern.
Ending in 'cho'
Ending in 'cho'
- Decir → dicho (said).
- Hacer → hecho (done).
Irregular Past Participles
Irregular Past Participles
These are the final three irregular past participles. Derivatives of these verbs follow the same pattern.
1Los valores tradicionales y modernos
1.1Los cambios en la familia
1.2Actitudes hacia el matrimonio/el divorcio
2El ciberespacio
2.1La influencia de internet
2.2Las redes sociales: beneficios y peligros
3La igualdad de los sexos
3.1La mujer en el mercado laboral
3.2El machismo y el feminismo
4La inmigración
4.1Los beneficios y los aspectos negativos
4.2La inmigración en el mundo hispánico
5El racismo
5.1Las actitudes racistas y xenófobas
5.2Las medidas contra el racismo
6La convivencia
6.1La convivencia de culturas
6.2La educación
7La influencia de los ídolos
7.1Cantantes y músicos
7.2Estrellas de televisión y cine
8La identidad regional en España
8.1Tradiciones y costumbres
8.2La gastronomía
9El patrimonio cultural
9.1Sitios turísticos y civilizaciones prehispánicas
9.2Arte y arquitectura
10El Laberinto del Fauno
10.1Temas
10.2Marco histórico
10.3Personajes
11Nouns
11.1Singular & Plural Forms
11.3Affective Suffixes
12Articles
12.1Definite & Indefinite
12.2El with Feminine Nouns
12.3Lo + Adjective
13Adjectives
13.1Agreement
13.2Position
13.3Apocopation
13.4Comparative & Superlative
13.5Use of Adjectives as Nouns
13.6Demonstrative
13.7Indefinite
13.8Possessive
13.9Interrogative & Exclamative
13.10Relative
14Numerals & Quantifiers
14.1Cardinal
14.2Ordinal
14.3Agreement
14.4Expressions of Time and Date
14.5Quantifiers
15Pronouns
15.1Subject
15.2Object: Direct & Indirect
15.3Reflexive
15.4Unstressed & Stressed Forms
15.5Position & Order
15.6Relative
15.7Demonstrative
15.8Indefinite
15.9Possessive
15.10Interrogative
16Verbs
16.1Regular Conjugations
16.2Regular & Irregular Verbs
16.3Agreement of Verb & Subject
16.4Use of Hay Que in All Tenses
16.5Present Tense
16.6Preterite Tense
16.6.1Irregular IR Verbs - Decir, Venir & Ir
16.6.2Irregular ER Verbs 2
16.6.3Irregular AR Verbs
16.6.4Regular IR Verbs
16.6.5Irregular AR Verbs 2
16.6.6Irregular IR Verbs 3
16.6.7Regular ER Verbs
16.6.8Irregular ER Verbs
16.6.9Irregular IR Verbs - Preterite
16.6.10Regular AR Verbs
16.6.11Irregular ER Verbs - Ver & Tener
16.7Imperfect Tense
16.8Future Tense
16.9Conditional Tense
16.10Perfect Tense
16.11Future Perfect Tense
16.12Conditional Perfect Tense
16.13Pluperfect Tense
16.14Infinitive, Gerund & Past Participle
16.15Verbal Paraphrases
16.16Use of the Subjunctive
16.17Commands
16.18Conditional Sentences
16.19After Conjunctions of Time
16.20After Para Que, Sin Que
16.21In Relative Clauses
16.22After Other Subordinating Conjunctions
16.23With Verbs of Wishing & Commanding
16.24Sequence of Tense in Indirect Speech
16.25Voice
16.26Use of the Reflexives as a Passive
16.27Use of the Reflexive to Express an Impersonal
16.28Use of Ser + Past Participle
16.29Use of Estar + Past Participle
16.30'Nuance' Reflexive Verbs
16.31Modes of Address
16.32Constructions with Verbs
16.33Verbs Followed by an Infinitive
17Prepositions & Conjunctions
17.1All Prepositions
17.2'Personal' a
17.3Discrimination of Por and Para
17.4Coordinating Conjunctions
17.5Subordinating Conjunctions
17.6Use of Que to Introduce a Clause
18Negation, Questions & Commands
18.1Negation
19Word Order, Other Constructions & Discourse Marker
19.1Subject Following Verb
19.2Focalisation
19.3Time Expressions with Hace/Hacía
19.4Cleft Sentences
19.5Comparative Constructions
19.6Indirect Speech
19.7Discourse Markers
Jump to other topics
1Los valores tradicionales y modernos
1.1Los cambios en la familia
1.2Actitudes hacia el matrimonio/el divorcio
2El ciberespacio
2.1La influencia de internet
2.2Las redes sociales: beneficios y peligros
3La igualdad de los sexos
3.1La mujer en el mercado laboral
3.2El machismo y el feminismo
4La inmigración
4.1Los beneficios y los aspectos negativos
4.2La inmigración en el mundo hispánico
5El racismo
5.1Las actitudes racistas y xenófobas
5.2Las medidas contra el racismo
6La convivencia
6.1La convivencia de culturas
6.2La educación
7La influencia de los ídolos
7.1Cantantes y músicos
7.2Estrellas de televisión y cine
8La identidad regional en España
8.1Tradiciones y costumbres
8.2La gastronomía
9El patrimonio cultural
9.1Sitios turísticos y civilizaciones prehispánicas
9.2Arte y arquitectura
10El Laberinto del Fauno
10.1Temas
10.2Marco histórico
10.3Personajes
11Nouns
11.1Singular & Plural Forms
11.3Affective Suffixes
12Articles
12.1Definite & Indefinite
12.2El with Feminine Nouns
12.3Lo + Adjective
13Adjectives
13.1Agreement
13.2Position
13.3Apocopation
13.4Comparative & Superlative
13.5Use of Adjectives as Nouns
13.6Demonstrative
13.7Indefinite
13.8Possessive
13.9Interrogative & Exclamative
13.10Relative
14Numerals & Quantifiers
14.1Cardinal
14.2Ordinal
14.3Agreement
14.4Expressions of Time and Date
14.5Quantifiers
15Pronouns
15.1Subject
15.2Object: Direct & Indirect
15.3Reflexive
15.4Unstressed & Stressed Forms
15.5Position & Order
15.6Relative
15.7Demonstrative
15.8Indefinite
15.9Possessive
15.10Interrogative
16Verbs
16.1Regular Conjugations
16.2Regular & Irregular Verbs
16.3Agreement of Verb & Subject
16.4Use of Hay Que in All Tenses
16.5Present Tense
16.6Preterite Tense
16.6.1Irregular IR Verbs - Decir, Venir & Ir
16.6.2Irregular ER Verbs 2
16.6.3Irregular AR Verbs
16.6.4Regular IR Verbs
16.6.5Irregular AR Verbs 2
16.6.6Irregular IR Verbs 3
16.6.7Regular ER Verbs
16.6.8Irregular ER Verbs
16.6.9Irregular IR Verbs - Preterite
16.6.10Regular AR Verbs
16.6.11Irregular ER Verbs - Ver & Tener
16.7Imperfect Tense
16.8Future Tense
16.9Conditional Tense
16.10Perfect Tense
16.11Future Perfect Tense
16.12Conditional Perfect Tense
16.13Pluperfect Tense
16.14Infinitive, Gerund & Past Participle
16.15Verbal Paraphrases
16.16Use of the Subjunctive
16.17Commands
16.18Conditional Sentences
16.19After Conjunctions of Time
16.20After Para Que, Sin Que
16.21In Relative Clauses
16.22After Other Subordinating Conjunctions
16.23With Verbs of Wishing & Commanding
16.24Sequence of Tense in Indirect Speech
16.25Voice
16.26Use of the Reflexives as a Passive
16.27Use of the Reflexive to Express an Impersonal
16.28Use of Ser + Past Participle
16.29Use of Estar + Past Participle
16.30'Nuance' Reflexive Verbs
16.31Modes of Address
16.32Constructions with Verbs
16.33Verbs Followed by an Infinitive
17Prepositions & Conjunctions
17.1All Prepositions
17.2'Personal' a
17.3Discrimination of Por and Para
17.4Coordinating Conjunctions
17.5Subordinating Conjunctions
17.6Use of Que to Introduce a Clause
18Negation, Questions & Commands
18.1Negation
19Word Order, Other Constructions & Discourse Marker
19.1Subject Following Verb
19.2Focalisation
19.3Time Expressions with Hace/Hacía
19.4Cleft Sentences
19.5Comparative Constructions
19.6Indirect Speech
19.7Discourse Markers
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