9.4.1
Recent Tensions between Powers
Tensions - Environmental Sphere
Tensions - Environmental Sphere
The global influence of superpowers is contested over different economic, environmental and political spheres. Tensions can arise because of physical resources. This has happened in the Arctic:
Exclusive Economic Zones
Exclusive Economic Zones
- Tension is increasing in the Arctic where the ownership of oil and gas reserves is disputed.
- There are several national claims to the Arctic and some of these claims overlap. In other words, different countries think they own the same part of the Arctic.
- The UN Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) says that a country can control the seabed and its resources within 200 nautical miles of its coastline. This is called the Exclusive Economic Zone or EEZ.
- Where countries dispute the boundaries of EEZs, it can cause political and military tensions.
Ownership disputes in the Arctic
Ownership disputes in the Arctic
- Canada has recently carried out military exercises in the Arctic, and Norway has expanded its navy.
- Some people go as far as to predict that tensions in the Arctic could cause a new Cold War between the USA and Russia.
- In order to try and avoid this tension, since the end of the Cold War, the US, Russia and 6 other neighbours of the Arctic have worked together in the Arctic Council.
- This is a group of countries aiming to work together to promote cooperation, coordination, and interaction between the different members and indigenous communities.
Resource disputes in the Arctic
Resource disputes in the Arctic
- As well as ownership disputes, there is disagreement over whether or not the resources should be exploited.
- Climate change is making the oil and natural gas more accessible and these resources will be highly profitable.
- However, it is likely to cause major environmental problems if it is accessed.
- The Arctic Council particularly works on issues such as sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic.
- The international NGO Greenpeace campaigns against the exploitation of resources in the Arctic.
Tensions - Economic Sphere
Tensions - Economic Sphere
Tensions can arise when the global system of intellectual property is undermined by counterfeiting and imitation. Tariffs are also becoming more common in 2018.
Counterfeiting
Counterfeiting
- Counterfeiting strains trade relations and TNC investment.
- In 2017, it was reported that 88% of fake goods seized in the United States originated in China. This has strained the trade relationship between the two superpowers.
- If TNCs feel as though all of their products and technology can be easily counterfeited then they are likely to stop their research and development into new products.
Counterfeiting and imitation
Counterfeiting and imitation
- Faking brands is illegal and is a crime against the IPR- Intellectual Property Rights which are part of the WTO rules.
- This is linked to the TRIPS agreement which ensures that companies own the right to their own technology.
- However, counterfeiting and pirated goods are big business and worth nearly half a trillion dollars a year according to the OCED.
- Although this may not be counterfeiting, there are great similarities between Apple's iPhones and Huawei, Motorola and Goophones' products. This may be imitating good practice or it may infringe on Apple's intellectual property in some cases.
Examples of counterfeiting
Examples of counterfeiting
- Napster was one of the first companies to pirate music.
- Alibaba is a Chinese company that hosts a marketplace which may sell counterfeit goods.
Trade wars
Trade wars
- The EU has implemented tariffs on Chinese Steel as part of anti-dumping measures. They claim that Chinese companies are selling steel in Europe below the cost it takes to make them.
- Donald Trump in 2018 tried to implement tariffs on cars manufactured outside the USA.
Tensions - Political Sphere
Tensions - Political Sphere
Political spheres of influence can be contested and lead to tensions over territory and physical resources.
South China Sea
South China Sea
- Many countries claim to own the territory in the South China Sea.
- China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Brunei all claim that the land is theirs. There are two island chains called the Paracels and the Spratlys that countries dispute.
- This region matters so much because of its strategic importance with access to the wider Pacific Ocean.
- There are also natural resources around and under these islands.
- In this sea, China has now seized small land formations or reefs and used dredging technology to make the islands large enough to support military equipment. It also patrols the waters with its navy.
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe
- In Western Russia and Eastern Europe, this contest has lead to open conflict and had impacts on people and the physical environment.
- Russia’s sphere of influence has changed significantly over time- particularly in Eastern Europe.
- Since 2014, Russia has used both hard and soft power to re-establish itself as a superpower with political influence.
- It annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014 and used hard power to do so. This is an example of political contests leading to open conflict.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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