10.3.1
Human Rights
Human Rights
Human Rights
Human rights have become important aspects of both international law and international agreements.
What are human rights?
What are human rights?
- Human rights are moral principles that give standards for human behaviour.
- They are inherent in all human beings regardless of their nation, location, language, religion or ethnic origin.
- They are universal in the sense of being applicable everywhere.
- They are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone.
Disregard for human rights
Disregard for human rights
- A disregard for human rights has led to ‘barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind’ (UDHR).
- E.g. The Holocaust during WW2.
- E.g. Beheadings by IS jihadists in Syria.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international agreement on human rights.
The UDHR background
The UDHR background
- The UDHR was agreed in 1948 by 48 countries of the UN.
- Some countries abstained at the time, including the Soviet Union, South Africa and Saudi Arabia.
- The UDHR sets out 30 universal rights ranging from freedom of speech and movement to education and justice.
- Torture is also banned.
Legality
Legality
- The UDHR is not legally binding.
- It is a declaration, not a treaty.
- Violations of the UDHR have been used to justify a number of military interventions.
- The promise of economic aid has also been used as a lever to persuade countries to improve their human rights record.
Other Human Rights Agreements
Other Human Rights Agreements
Apart from the UDHR, there are other international agreements on human rights.
ECHR
ECHR
- The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is similar to the UDHR, drafted by the Council of Europe.
- Its aims were to prevent conflict such as that experienced twice in the 20th century within Europe (the world wars).
- The principles of the ECHR were integrated into the UK by the Human Rights Act (HRA) in 1998.
- The ECHR and HRA are both seen by some as an erosion of national sovereignty, especially during the recent Brexit debate in the UK.
The Geneva Convention
The Geneva Convention
- The Geneva Convention forms a basis in international law for prosecuting individuals and organisations who commit war crimes.
- It is endorsed by 196 countries.
- But, few cases have ever come to trial.
- Over 150 countries continue to engage in some form of torture.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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