4.1.1

Intro to Globalisation

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What is Globalisation?

Globalisation is the ever-increasing interconnectedness between countries. It is a process that involves connections, interdependence and flows between different locations.

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Types of flows in globalisation

  • Commodities, capital (or finance), information, migrants and tourists can all flow more freely between different countries.
  • As the world becomes more globalised, the connections between places are becoming wider and deeper in most of these areas.
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Internet and digital advances

  • The internet has been a huge facilitator of globalisation.
  • Information flows more freely between different countries, but the internet also allows tourists to discover more places and helps capital and commodities to flow internationally.
  • Logistics companies like DHL and investment companies like Blackrock allow commodities and capital to flow internationally.
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Migration

  • A borderless world does not exist because there are still obstacles to migration.
  • The free movement of people is only possible within some trade blocs and within some regions.
    • E.g. The Schengen Area in the EU.
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Tourism

  • Budget airlines have resulted in the huge growth of tourist flows because people are able to travel to different countries at a reasonable cost.
    • Airlines like Ryanair, Wizz Air and Easyjet can let you travel to a different country for as little as £20.

Types of Globalisation

Because globalisation is such a varied process, we can divide it into four different types.

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Economic globalisation

  • Economic globalisation includes the growth of MNCs (Multinational Corporations) or TNCs (Transnational Companies). For example Inditex (which owns Zara), Domino's Pizza, Apple, Google and Meta (which owns Instagram and WhatsApp).
  • The growth of the internet and better communication technology is included in economic globalisation.
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Social globalisation

  • Social globalisation describes the increasing number of international migrants, the increasing quality of education and healthcare and the rise of social media.
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Cultural globalisation

  • Cultural globalisation describes the spread of Western ideas and culture such as North American films, fast food and fashion.
    • Tom Cruise films, Justin Bieber, Shawn Mendes, Logan Paul, Netflix and McDonalds are found in almost every country in the world nowadays.
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Political globalisation

  • Political globalisation describes the growth of trade blocs as different countries seek to work together to increase the prevalence of free trade.
  • Important organisations in political globalisation are the World Bank, IMF (International Monetary Fund), World Trade Organisation and the United Nations.

Jump to other topics

1Tectonic Processes & Hazards

2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change

3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change

4Globalisation

5Option 4A: Regenerating Places

6Option 4B: Diverse Places

7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)

8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)

9Superpowers (A2 only)

10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)

11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)

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