11.2.3
Political & Economic Tensions of Migration
Tension Caused by International Migration - Political
Tension Caused by International Migration - Political
International migration can result in local and national tensions between countries.
International borders
International borders
- International borders can be areas of conflict between border control authorities from different countries.
- The border between France and Britain at Calais had the 'Calais Jungle' full of migrants held at the border between the two countries.
- Who is responsible for monitoring illegal migrants and human traffickers is often unclear.
Asylum seekers
Asylum seekers
- Asylum seekers may not live in the best conditions whilst awaiting asylum. They can be held in detention centres, are not allowed to work, and get very small financial sums to spend on food, sanitation and clothing for the duration of their application.
- In 2018, child migrants in the USA were reportedly kept in caged enclosures in an abandoned Walmart in Texas.
Refugees and populist parties
Refugees and populist parties
- The EU supports the free movement of labour within its members.
- However, when migrant ships arrive at the border or coast, many countries refuse to let the boat land, forcing them to continue their journey on often dangerous ships.
- Viktor Orban, Hungarian Prime Minister has argued against EU money going to migrants and does not support the EU's stance on migrants.
Tension Caused by International Migration - Economic
Tension Caused by International Migration - Economic
International migration can result in local and national tensions between countries.
Positive for enterprise
Positive for enterprise
- Economic opportunities are created because many migrants set up their own businesses. This can increase a country's economic growth and the tax revenues that the government receives.
Remittances
Remittances
- Migrant remittances can increase inequality between families who receive them and those that do not in the source country.
- Remittances have been made easier in recent years with digital banking solutions like TransferWise and Revolut.
Controls on Migration
Controls on Migration
Security fears and a reluctance to help migrants and refugees can lead to immigration controls. People with capital (money) and valuable skills still find it relatively easy to migrate. Those without skills, but escaping prejudice or oppression may find it more difficult.
The USA
The USA
- In the early 20th century, the USA had an 'open door' policy.
- Albert Einstein migrated to the USA from Germany for political reasons in 1933 as the Nazi Party grew in power.
- Sergey Brin (founder of Google) moved to the US from Russia.
- Green Cards are the permanent resident's cards that the US introduced in 1950. These are hard to get and allow someone to live and work in the USA.
- The USA now has strong immigration controls (finger-printing and retina photographs) and deportation policies.
- Donald Trump proposed building a wall at the Mexico/USA border in his 2016 election campaign to reduce the number of migrants entering the USA.
Australia
Australia
- Before 1973, Australia operated a racial/ethnic selection process called 'White Australia'. This effectively barred people of non-European descent from entering the country.
- Currently, there is a points-based system for economic migrants that assesses migrants' skills and Australia's skills gap.
- Australia has immigration detention facilities for refugees on islands (like Manus Island on Papua New Guinea).
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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