5.2.3
International Influences on Places
Connections - National and Regional Influences
Connections - National and Regional Influences
The nature of a place can change as a result of national and regional influences:
Politics
Politics
- Political attitudes and the decisions resulting from political support can affect a place.
- The Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher made efforts to rationalise the mining industry in the 1980s and this reduced employment in many mining towns in counties like Yorkshire.
- Lots of regions 'historically' support only the Labour or Conservative parties and they almost always support the same party in General Elections. The Liverpool Walton constituency has been a Labour seat since 1964.
Transport and infrastructure
Transport and infrastructure
- The provision of transport and communication links, including road, rail, air and broadband all affect the economic and social characteristics of places.
- Communities around Heathrow Airport will be affected by the jobs created and the surrounding noise pollution created by planes.
- Communities may be affected by the development of HS2, trying to reduce the journey time from Manchester and Leeds to London.
- Good rail links into London have made places like Sevenoaks attractive to live for professionals who work in London.
Nearby urban areas
Nearby urban areas
- The location of workplaces, shopping facilities and leisure activities can affect places.
- Many people may choose to live close to regional shopping destinations like the Trafford Centre, Westfield or Cheshire Oaks.
- People have to live close enough to their workplace to commute on a daily basis, although the internet enables more people to work remotely.
Regional governance
Regional governance
- Initiatives like Local Enterprise Partnerships try to work out what skills and projects a region needs. They will then work with local councils and businesses to solve them. There are 38 LEPs in England.
Connections - International and Global Influences
Connections - International and Global Influences
The nature of a place can change as a result of international and global influences:
International Trade Agreements
International Trade Agreements
- International Trade Agreements like the EU's Common Agricultural Policy can affect how farmers can behave. This impacts the profitability of farming, the types of crops that are grown and the rural areas where the farmers live.
- The Sustainable Fisheries Agreement in the EU will also affect coastal towns and the fishing industry in the UK.
MNCs and global retailers
MNCs and global retailers
- MNCs can contribute towards creating 'clone high streets'. Inditex has Zara shops all over the world. Domino's and McDonald's can be found in the UK, the US and many other countries.
- Companies like Facebook (which owns Instagram) and Google have offices and create jobs in the USA, UK and almost every country globally.
Global tourism opportunities
Global tourism opportunities
- Some locations attract tourists and have their local economies shaped by tourism.
- Places that attract lots of tourists usually have lots of hotels, restaurants and bars to cater to what tourists wish to see.
- In London and Barcelona, there are sightseeing bus tours, which create jobs and may create pollution for local residents.
The EU
The EU
- The European Regional Development Fund is a fund supported by the EU, which tries to invest in regional projects across Europe.
- The ERDF funded Road Crossing Enhancements in Manchester and a project called 'Food Northwest', aiming to improve the restaurant industry in the North.
Twinning arrangements
Twinning arrangements
- Twinning arrangements between similar towns began in 1947, after WW2, in an attempt to increase intercultural understanding.
- Rome and Paris were twinned in 1956.
- Coventry is twinned with 20 towns, including Belgrade in Serbia and Jinan in China.
Migration
Migration
- International migration into towns and cities, with immigrants integrating into the local population, can change places.
International airports
International airports
- Living close to an international airport could lead to a high volume of tourists or travellers entering an area.
- This may lead to a lot of Holiday Inns, restaurants or other infrastructure being developed to cater to the tourists and airport.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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