5.3.2
Success & Regeneration
Characteristics of Successful Regions
Characteristics of Successful Regions
Economic and social inequalities can affect people's perception of an area. Some places are viewed as successful and others as less successful.
Successful regions
Successful regions
- Successful regions can be urban or rural. They usually:
- Attract people/workers and investment as they create opportunities.
- Have good transport and technological infrastructure.
- Have few areas suffering high deprivation.
- Have some problems created by their success (e.g high property prices, congestion and skills shortages).
- Places like London, New York and Vancouver suffer from very high property prices.
The perception of success varies
The perception of success varies
- Younger people in high-earning jobs tend to enjoy the fast pace of life and range of job opportunities offered in 'successful' places.
- Unskilled people, lower earners and the long-term unemployed tend to have more negative views about their quality of life, if house prices are higher and their disposable income is lower.
- Retirees may prefer a slower pace of life, with a pleasant climate and may prioritise different things, like access to healthcare. These communities may not appeal to young adults.
Less successful regions
Less successful regions
- Less successful regions can be urban or rural. They often have:
- Declining rates of investment, high rates of deprivation and de-industrialisation.
- Negative perceptions are often long-standing and can be passed down through generations.
- High levels of unhappiness and low motivation.
- Poor levels of educational attainment.
- Ageing populations (a high % of people are over 65).
- There can be a negative multiplier effect (or positive feedback loop), with a spiral of decline created.
Priorities for Regeneration
Priorities for Regeneration
There are four main areas that are generally priorities for regeneration:
Gated communities
Gated communities
- Gated communities are places where wealthy residential areas are fenced off from others. They usually have security gates and entry systems.
- These communities are very common in South Africa, where inequality is very high and they used to have apartheid (forced separation of black and white people).
Sink estates
Sink estates
- Sink estates are social housing estates that are perceived as the least desirable places to live by the population.
- They tend to house the lowest income residents who are often the most in need of support.
- In the UK, some council estates would be viewed as sink estates.
Commuter villages
Commuter villages
- Commuter villages often don't have enough services for their populations.
- Commuter trains may be overcrowded, as many Southern Rail services into Central London are.
- Commuter villages are often surrounded by greenbelt land, making housing supply fixed. This can make house prices very high.
Declining rural settlements
Declining rural settlements
- Declining rural settlements often don't have enough affordable housing for young adults growing up in the area.
- This can lead them to migrate out of the area, which could contribute to a spiral of decline.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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