1.2.4
Development & Governance
Inequality
Inequality
Development and governance are important in understanding the impact of a disaster, and the level of vulnerability and resilience of the area affected.
Inequality of access
Inequality of access
- Inequality of access to education, housing, healthcare and income are root causes of hazards because they influence vulnerability and resilience.
- This inequality is seen in the PAR model.
- The HDI (Human Development Index) measures this inequality.
HDI and vulnerability
HDI and vulnerability
- Locations with a low HDI (<0.55) have a high vulnerability because:
- Many people lack basic things, like having enough water and food, even in ‘normal’ times.
- A lot of housing is informally constructed with no regard for hazard resilience.
- There is poor access to healthcare, so disease and illness are common.
- Education levels are lower, so hazard perception and risk awareness are low.
- After a disaster, the government may not be able to provide social security or free healthcare for low-income groups.
Governance and Vulnerability to Disaster
Governance and Vulnerability to Disaster
Good governance can reduce disaster vulnerability.
Good governance
Good governance
- If the government of a country is good at meeting the day-to-day needs of its population, the country will be less vulnerable to disasters.
- The government should be meeting basic needs by providing sufficient food and water for its population.
- It should also be tackling corruption and making sure that aid money is not taken by officials.
Preparedness
Preparedness
- Governments can reduce disaster vulnerability by being prepared. They can do this through:
- Land-use planning and zoning to prevent house construction in dangerous areas.
- Environmental management to prevent factors such as deforestation making the area more naturally dangerous.
- Having effective monitoring systems.
- Preparedness by providing education and community awareness programmes.
- Having insurance.
Geographical Contexts and Vulnerability
Geographical Contexts and Vulnerability
Other geographical factors and contexts can influence vulnerability and resilience. The context of whether an event takes place in a developed, emerging or developing country is also important.
Population factors
Population factors
- The number of people and how spread-out they are has an effect on how vulnerable they are to natural disasters.
- Population density matters:
- Highly populated areas may be hard to evacuate because there are so many people.
- Isolated populations in places that are difficult to access may take a long time to reach.
Urbanisation
Urbanisation
- In urban areas, death tolls can be high because of the concentration of people at risk.
- But urban areas usually have more assets (hospitals, food stores and transport systems) than rural areas, which increases resilience.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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