2.1.3
Ice Distributions
Types of Ice Cover
Types of Ice Cover
Ice cover is collectively known as the cryosphere. It can be classified into a number of different forms.
Ice sheets, caps and fields
Ice sheets, caps and fields
- Ice sheets are large dome-shaped ice masses that completely cover the underlying topography and can be several kilometres thick (e.g. Antarctica and Greenland).
- Ice caps are smaller ice sheets (e.g. Svalbard).
- Ice fields are ice sheets covering a mountain plateau with some mountain peaks showing through (e.g. Vatnajokull, Iceland).
Glacier types
Glacier types
- Valley glaciers are large tongues of ice constrained within a valley (e.g. the Athabasca glacier, Canada).
- Cirque/Corrie glaciers are smaller glaciers occupying a hollow on a mountainside (e.g. there are several in the Swiss Alps).
Thermal characteristics of glaciers
Thermal characteristics of glaciers
- Cold-based (polar) glaciers have very cold surface temperatures of −20 to –30°C and their base is frozen to the bedrock beneath.
- Neither the pressure of the ice above nor geothermal energy from below is enough to melt the ice base, and so there is little movement.
- Warm-based (temperate) glaciers are not frozen to the bedrock surface they rest on.
- At their base there is a layer of water, allowing the base of the ice to slide and move.
Present-day Distribution
Present-day Distribution
Ice cover is found in the following areas.
High latitude
High latitude
- Ice is found with the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, more than 65 degrees of latitude north and south.
- These polar regions receive the least concentrated solar radiation, in comparison with other latitudes, so ice is much more likely to form.
- Ice is found mainly in large ice sheets, ice caps, ice fields and in some glaciers.
- Ice is also found on the coastal fringes of high latitude regions.
High altitude
High altitude
- Ice is found in high altitude mountain ranges, which can happen at any latitude.
- Ice is often constrained within the topology (e.g. mountain valleys as glaciers) or can be unconstrained (e.g ice sheets, and ice caps).
- E.g. the Andes, the Himalayas, the Alps.
Upland landscapes
Upland landscapes
- The present-day distribution of high altitude glaciated upland landscapes yields a number of features:
- There are over 150,000 valley glaciers and small ice caps.
- Relict landscapes from the Pleistocene period provide evidence of formerly glaciated upland areas.
- In the UK, the Lake District, Snowdonia, the Grampians and the Scottish Highlands are the main areas of such relict features.
- Evidence includes glaciated valleys, corries and other ice-scarred landscape features.
Past vs Present Distribution
Past vs Present Distribution
The present-day distribution of areas of ice (the cryosphere) is mainly in high latitudes and high altitudes. The distribution in the late Pleistocene covered 45.3 x106 km2 whereas present area covered is around 15.8 x106 km2.
Polar regions
Polar regions
- The past and present distributions of areas covered by ice are very different.
- The following compares the late Pleistocene area to the present in 106 km2:
- Antarctica - 14.5 vs 13.5.
- Greenland - 2.4 vs 1.8.
- Arctic fringes - 16.0 vs 0.35.
- Scandinavia - 6.6 vs 0.004.
High altitude regions
High altitude regions
- The past and present distributions of areas covered by ice are very different.
- The following compares the late Pleistocene area to the present in 106 km2:
- Andes - 0.1 vs 0.03.
- Alps - 0.1 vs 0.004.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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