11.4.5
Environmental IGOs
Environmental IGOs
Environmental IGOs
IGOs have been created to tackle lots of different environmental issues around the world. The issues that IGOs have tried to address are:
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
- The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer banned the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
- CFCs were often found in fridges and freezers before the Montreal Protocol.
- Climate change conferences have also tried to reduce the human impact on global warming. The UN's IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has tried to work towards collective agreements on things like carbon dioxide emissions under the Kyoto Protocol and at the COP21 Agreement in Paris.
Biosphere
Biosphere
- The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an agreement between different national governments to try to control the trade of animals and plants.
- The Arabian Oryx is the national animal of the UAE and Qatar. CITES' interventions have helped improve the species' chances of survival.
- However, CITES has been fairly uninfluential in the illegal trade in ivory and rhino horn. Poachers and underground deals are endangering the Rhino species.
Oceans
Oceans
- The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) seeks to manage navigational rights (shipping routes), offshore waters, seabed resources and ocean areas.
- The UNCLOS also manages the rights of the 42 land-locked states in the world.
- It encourages 'rights of transit' for landlocked states to 'gain access to the sea'. This affects landlocked nations like Liechtenstein, Hungary and Bolivia.
Rivers
Rivers
- The UN Convention on the Protection and Use of Trans-boundary Watercourses and International Lakes (The Water Convention) seeks to protect and ensure the quantity, quality and sustainable use of trans-boundary water by cooperation.
Environment
Environment
- The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) attempts to assess the role ecosystems play in supporting human development e.g. providing food, regulating global climate and water resources and providing cultural value.
The Governance of Antarctica
The Governance of Antarctica
Antarctica was claimed and is now shared by 7 different nations - the UK, Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand and Norway.
Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
- The ATS banned all military activity on Antarctica and made it a zone free of nuclear tests. The disposal of radioactive waste on Antarctica is forbidden.
- The ATS also promoted international scientific research on Antarctica, guaranteeing every state the right to establish research stations.
- Ice cores from Antarctica have been vital in supporting the case for human-caused climate change.
- The ATS set aside any disputes over the land on the continent of Antarctica.
Madrid Protocol
Madrid Protocol
- The Madrid Protocol was an extension of the ATS.
- The Madrid Protocol also banned mining activities on Antarctica, except if mining was done for scientific research purposes.
International Whaling Commission
International Whaling Commission
- The International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the Moratorium (IWM) manage whaling and whale stocks in Antarctica.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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