3.4.3
Governance Approaches
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a holistic approach to coastal management.
ICZM
ICZM
- The ICZM deals with holistic coastal management strategies.
- The ICZM's work involves careful consideration of the most effective management approach for a stretch of coastline.
- It considers the social, economic and environmental implications.
- The concept of the ICZM was created by world leaders at the Earth Summit in 1992.
Factors of consideration
Factors of consideration
- Stakeholders consider the following factors when deciding the type of coastal management that should be adopted on a coastline:
- The proposed risk to residential, commercial and industrial buildings.
- The implication of coastal recession on the local economy.
- The impact of coastal recession and flooding on the natural environment.
Leaders' opinions
Leaders' opinions
- Leaders believe the use of ICZM brings the following benefits to coastal regions:
- It promotes the careful conservation of the natural environment.
- It encourages the efficient use of resources to reduce unnecessary costs.
- It tries to reduce the potential loss to the various stakeholders that rely on coastal regions for their livelihood.
Shoreline Management
Shoreline Management
The UK consists of 11 sediment cells. Each has an SMP (shoreline management plan) that has been devised by key organisations to determine the most appropriate management strategies for a stretch of coastline. There are four key management approaches.
No active intervention
No active intervention
- No active intervention – no management used along this coastline with physical processes allowed to work naturally.
Strategic realignment
Strategic realignment
- Physical processes allowed to work naturally, with monitoring and intervention only when necessary.
Advance the line
Advance the line
- The construction of new engineering techniques to protect the coastline from further recession.
Hold the existing defences
Hold the existing defences
- Hold the existing defences – maintaining the existing defences to make sure they continue to be effective.
CBAs and EIAs
CBAs and EIAs
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and environmental impact assessments (EIA) are used to help determine whether or not managing the coastline is worthwhile.
CBA and EIA
CBA and EIA
- A CBA is used to determine the economic value of a coastline to decide if intervention is needed to protect the surrounding land.
- An EIA is used to assess the short and long-term implications of using management strategies on the environment.
Happisburgh coastal management
Happisburgh coastal management
- Happisburgh is on the North Norfolk coast.
- Failed management and lack of funding to maintain existing structures led to a failed attempt to protect the coastline from coastal recession.
- The village has a population of 1,400 people. Since 1998, a group of residents have been working to campaign for renewal of the failing defences.
- They are the CCAG (Coastal Concern Action Group).
- Powerful destructive waves from the North Sea have caused an average erosion rate of approximately 0.9m per year.
Happisburgh coastal management 2
Happisburgh coastal management 2
- During the 90’s, the rate of erosion increased because of the failure of wooden defences
- The shoreline management plan changed to ‘no active intervention’ implemented.
- But after campaigns from CCAG, the shoreline management plan was changed to ‘managed realignment’.
Happisburgh coastal management 3
Happisburgh coastal management 3
- Following fundraising in 2012, rip-rap was placed on the beach to help dissipate the wave’s energy and protect people’s homes and businesses.
- Continued protection of the coastline through maintaining the existing structures or installing new engineering techniques is undecided at the moment.
- The government believes the economic cost to install new defences is not cost-effective compared with the properties at risk.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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