6.4.3

Tensions & Conflict

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Tensions Because of Changes to Land Use

Changes in diverse places can lead to tension and conflict.

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Inner-city property

  • Culturally diverse populations in inner city areas often suffer from high levels of deprivation.
  • The property available in these areas is often in high demand and some private developers and businesses are willing to pay high sums to purchase it.
  • Regeneration schemes are common, often forcing original residents to relocate.
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Regeneration

  • Community involvement is largely limited in regeneration schemes and the lack of affordable housing increases.
    • Local residents are not taken seriously and consulted properly.
  • Many inner-city areas in cities such as London, Birmingham and Manchester are being gentrified and ‘socially-cleansed’ in this way.

Varying Attitudes to Regeneration Schemes

Changes in diverse places can lead to tension and conflict. There have been varying responses to such schemes.

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In favour

  • Those in favour of the regeneration schemes argue that they will create jobs, improve the urban environment and improve the reputation of the areas.
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Resistance to change

  • Others have resisted such changes rigorously and sometimes violently.
    • E.g. riots in Brixton (1981), Broadwater Farm (1985) and Bradford (1995).
  • These riots have often been ‘triggered’ by an unrelated event (e.g. an arrest or assault) but reflect deep-seated grievances.
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'White flight'

  • Others cite the phenomenon of ‘white flight’ – the movement of an existing population from an area due to the overwhelming presence of an incoming ethnic group.
  • This feeling can be enhanced by the establishment of highly specific ethnic services for the immigrant group e.g. madrassa schools.

Hate Crimes

Hate crimes have risen since 2011/12. If ethnic minority groups and the wider UK society were living more peacefully together, we might expect to see a fall in hate crimes over time.

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Hate crimes

  • Hate crime describes a crime motivated wholly or in part by the victim’s membership (or assumed membership) of a racial group, a religious group or sexual orientation, disability or transgender identity.
  • There have been sharp increases in all strands in recent years.
  • Note that changes in the methodology of collecting crime statistics and greater reporting of hate crime (i.e. better awareness of it) could affect these statistics.
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Statistics

  • 74% increase in race-related hate crime between 2011/12 and 2016/17.
  • 268% increase in religion-related hate crime between 2011/12 and 2016/17.
  • 111% increase in sexual orientation-related hate crime between 2011/12 and 2016/17.
  • 218% increase in disability-related hate crime between 2011/12 and 2016/17.
  • 299% increase in transgender-related hate crime between 2011/12 and 2016/17.

Jump to other topics

1Tectonic Processes & Hazards

2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change

3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change

4Globalisation

5Option 4A: Regenerating Places

6Option 4B: Diverse Places

7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)

8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)

9Superpowers (A2 only)

10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)

11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)

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