4.1.2
Development of Globalisation
Globalisation in the 19th Century
Globalisation in the 19th Century
Globalisation is not a new process. The British Empire can be seen as an early example of globalisation. But several factors have sped up globalisation during the 19th century:
Advances in transport technology
Advances in transport technology
- World trade began to grow more rapidly towards the end of the 1800s.
- The growth of railways, telegraphs and steamships all accelerated the rate of globalisation.
Emergence of TNCs
Emergence of TNCs
- Transnational corporations began to emerge because advances in technology allowed goods produced in one country to be transported to another country.
- E.g. DuPont was a chemicals and gunpowder manufacturer founded in 1802. Advances in transport allowed DuPont to start to sell internationally.
Britain's role in globalisation
Britain's role in globalisation
- Britain was the world leader in steam power in the 19th century.
- Having this technological advantage allowed Britain to transport goods and people to other parts of the British Empire (mainly Africa and Asia).
Globalisation in the 20th Century
Globalisation in the 20th Century
Globalisation is not a new process. The British Empire can be seen as an early example of globalisation. Several factors have sped up globalisation during the 20th century:
Transport - aeroplanes
Transport - aeroplanes
- In the 20th century, technology in transportation continued to advance.
- The development of jet aircraft to replace aircraft propellers happened during World War 2, first by the Germans and then the Americans.
- Jet aircraft were first used for military purposes. But after the Second World War, they were used for passengers. This was the start of commercial airlines.
Transport - containerisation
Transport - containerisation
- Containerisation accelerated globalisation materially.
- Containerisation is the protocol of a uniform container size that can be placed on all ships and transported all over the world.
- They can also be called intermodal containers.
- The key idea is that by making sure that all containers are the same size, ships and ports around the world can be fitted to deal with all types of goods in the containers. This makes global shipping become far quicker and cheaper.
'Shrinking world' effect
'Shrinking world' effect
- Containerisation and jet aircraft led to the 'shrinking world' effect.
- The ‘shrinking-world’ effect means that while the physical distance between places remains the same, places feel much closer together.
Globalisation in the 21st Century
Globalisation in the 21st Century
Globalisation is not a new process. The British Empire can be seen as an early example of globalisation. Globalisation has continued to accelerate, with further advances and the diffusion of innovations in the 21st century.
ICT and mobile advances
ICT and mobile advances
- The rapid development of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and mobile communication (e.g. mobile phones, the internet, social networking, electronic banking and fibre optics) all accelerated globalisation.
- These technological developments have been particularly important in developing countries where a lack of infrastructure has been a major factor in the lack of economic growth.
Leap-frogging
Leap-frogging
- Many developing countries are now leap-frogging now out-dated technology. For example, some countries don’t build landline phones and just use mobile phones.
- In Kenya, people use electronic banking and their mobile phones to make payments (with something called M-Pesa), often before having a bank card.
Time-space compression
Time-space compression
- ICT and mobile communication advances have lowered the costs of global communications and contributed to time-space compression.
- Time-space compression allows the relative distances between places to feel far shorter.
- Of the top 10 most valuable TNC brands in 2018, six are technology companies. This shows the importance of digital software and mobile phones.
- Apple is the most valuable brand, with Google and Microsoft coming second and third.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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