Sovereignty & Nationalism

Features of Sovereignty - Nationalism

Sovereignty generally means the power of a state to rule itself, without being beholden to other states. In a globalised world, national identity and sovereignty have been more complex and contested. Nationalism is a powerful force. It appears in:

Education

Education systems reinforce nationalism. In British schools, British interpretations of history are taught and in Japanese schools, Japanese interpretations are taught.
In Spain, the history of General Franco and in Japan, the raid on Nanking, China, by Japanese troops have been controversial topics for education. How should they be taught and should they be taught at all?
- At Nanking, Japanese troops are estimated to have murdered somewhere between 30,000 and 400,000 Chinese people, depending on whose estimates are believed.

Resistance to IGOs and NGOs

Some people believe that national identity relates to retaining sovereignty. They see the EU and the UN as illegitimate organisations that shouldn't be allowed to make rules which affect the UK.
Some political parties, like UKIP in the UK, have referred to 'taking back control'. This is over both migration flows, capital lows and legislation.

Sporting identity

Support for national sports teams in the UK can reinforce national spirits.
Singing chants like 'Football's Coming Home' during every World Cup since 1998 can arouse nationalist spirits.

Nation states

Many people stress loyalty to the institutions and ideals of nation states.
Older generations in the UK view the British Empire as glory days where Britain had a greater influence over the world.

National Identity and Loyalty

Many different factors can impact a country's national identity:

Legal systems

Citizens of a nation can be loyal or wedded to different legal systems.
In the USA, the First Amendment outlining freedom of speech and the Second Amendment outlining the right to bear a firearm are fiercely defended by many citizens.
- The NRA (National Rifle Association) spent $15m in 2017 (mainly on lobbying and threatening to unseat politicians) to defend the Second Amendment.
In the UK, the view that criminals are tried by a jury of their peers also has emotional significance.

Methods of governance

Nation states can be emotionally tied to a method of governance.
The Magna Carta, signed in the UK in 1215 established a set of principles, including the personal freedom/liberty of citizens. The Magna Carta reportedly influenced Thomas Jefferson, a founding father of the USA.

National character

The national motto of France is 'Liberté, égalité, fraternité'. This means liberty, equality and fraternity.
These are the founding values of the French state and were adopted in the 1848 revolution in France.
People can unite around this set of common values or characteristics.

Landscape or climate

A nation state can be emotionally connected to its landscape or architecture.
Although this is difficult to define, the English landscape of the countryside has some power. Whether this is the Yorkshire Dales or Cotswolds is another question.
In Barcelona, the Catalan identity holds up architects like Gaudi with great pride.

Changes in Britain's National Identity

Britain's national identity has become a lot more global and complex in the 21st century.

Religion

In 1900, religion was very important. There were high levels of religious observance - primarily for Anglican and Catholic beliefs.
Today, society is more secular and non-religious. More minority faiths, such as Judaism and Islam are growing and prospering.
The national identity of Britain has become more diverse in this sense.

Food

In 1900, food was generally sourced and seasonal. Native herbs like fennel, mint and elder were common.
Today, there are more global and varied tastes in food. Stronger spices like chilli and cinnamon are used far more commonly.
In Soho, London, there are more than 13 Korean restaurants and more than 15 Indian restaurants in an area of about a square mile.
The Chicken Tikka Masala, one of the most popular curries in the UK, was reportedly invented by Pakistani Chef, Ali Aslam, in Glasgow.

Identity

In 1900, local communities were very strong. People had a strong sense of belonging to a town or county. Regional dialects were strong and most people were fiercely patriotic and willing to fight for their countries (as World War One showed).
Today, fewer people would fight for their country, although people continue to support their national sports teams.
- 27% of British people would fight for Britain, but 72% of Turks would fight for Turkey.
- Younger people often view themselves as European or global citizens, rather than British citizens.

Roots of language/vocabulary

In 1900, the English language had its sole origin in Celtic, Saxon, Scandinavian, Roman, Greek and French.
Today, Indian, Jamaican and American influences are getting stronger. This is because of migration, but also the globalisation of media.
- Americanisms like 24/7 and 'I'm good' are becoming more common.

1Tectonic Processes & Hazards

1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards

1.1.1Tectonic Plates

1.1.2Distribution of Tectonic Hazards

1.1.3Theoretical Frameworks

1.1.4Earthquakes

1.1.5Earthquake Hazards

1.1.6Volcanoes

1.1.7Tsunamis

1.1.8End of Topic Test - Tectonic Processes

1.1.9Exam-Style Question - Earthquakes

1.2Natural Disasters

1.2.1Introduction to Natural Disasters

1.2.2Impacts of Hazards

1.2.3Comparing Hazards

1.2.4Development & Governance

1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies

1.3.1Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami

1.3.2Gorkha Earthquake

1.3.3Mount Merapi Eruption

1.4Trends & Patterns

1.4.1Disaster Trends

1.4.2Prediction

1.5Disaster Modification

1.5.1Hazard Management

1.5.2Modifications

1.5.3End of Topic Test - Natural Disasters

1.5.4Exam-Style Question - Disaster Modification

2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change

2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time

2.1.1Timeline of Glacial Change

2.1.2Natural Causes

2.1.3Ice Distributions

2.2Periglacial Landscapes

2.2.1Periglacial Processes

2.2.2Periglacial Landforms

2.3Glacial Processes

2.3.1Mass Balance

2.3.2Glacial Movement

2.4Glacial Landforms

2.4.1Landscapes

2.4.2Erosional Landforms

2.4.3Erosional Landforms 2

2.4.4Erosional Landforms 3

2.4.5Depositional Landforms

2.4.6Fluvioglaciation

2.5The Future of Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.1The Value of Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.2The Value of Glaciated Landscapes 2

2.5.3Threats to Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.4Managing the Threats to Glaciated Landscapes

3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change

3.1Coastal Landscapes

3.1.1The Wider Coastal Landscape

3.1.2Geological Structure

3.1.3Lithology & Vegetation

3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition

3.2.1Shaping Coastlines

3.2.2Coastal Formations

3.2.3Sediment Transportation

3.2.4Subaerial Processes

3.3Coastal Risks

3.3.1Sea Level Change

3.3.2Coastal Retreat

3.3.3Coastal Flooding

3.4Managing Coastlines

3.4.1Consequences of Coastal Recession

3.4.2Engineering Management Approaches

3.4.3Governance Approaches

4Globalisation

4.1Globalisation

4.1.1Intro to Globalisation

4.1.2Development of Globalisation

4.1.3Economic Policy & Globalisation

4.1.4Government Policy & Globalisation

4.1.5International Organisations & Globalisation

4.1.6Measuring Globalisation

4.1.7TNCs & Globalisation

4.1.8TNCs - Aramco & Anglo-Iranian Oil

4.2Negatives of Globalisation

4.2.1'Switched Off' Places

4.3Global Shift

4.3.1Global Shift for Developing Nations

4.3.2Global Shift for Developing Nations 2

4.3.3Global Shift for Developed Nations

4.3.4End of Topic Test - Globalisation

4.4Migration

4.4.1Megacities

4.4.2International Migration

4.4.3Country Interdependence

4.5Culture

4.5.1Global Culture

4.5.2Cultural Erosion

4.6Measuring Development

4.6.1Measuring Development

4.7Responses to Globalisation

4.7.1Tensions Caused by Globalisation

4.7.2Government Control of Globalisation

4.7.3Ethical Responses to Globalisation

4.7.4End of Topic Test - Migration, Culture, & Response

5Option 4A: Regenerating Places

6Option 4B: Diverse Places

6.1Population Structure

6.1.1The UK

6.1.2Population Characteristics

6.1.3Government & Change

6.2Past & Present Connections

6.2.1International Influence on Places

6.2.2Historic Influences on Places

6.2.3The Perception of Places

6.2.4Image & Identity

6.3Urban & Rural Spaces

6.3.1Perceptions of Urban Places

6.3.2Perceptions of Rural Places

6.3.3Evaluating Living Space

6.4Diversity

6.4.1UK Migrations

6.4.2Challenges

6.4.3Tensions & Conflict

6.4.4Wider Outcomes of Tensions

6.4.5Managing Tensions

6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies

6.5.1Stakeholders

6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets

6.6.1Background

6.6.2Characteristics

6.6.3Issues

6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple

6.7.1Background

6.7.2Characteristics

6.7.3Issues

7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)

7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local

7.1.1Global Hydrological Cycle

7.1.2Drainage Basin Hydrological Cycle

7.1.3Water Budgets

7.1.4River Regimes

7.1.5Storm Hydrographs

7.2Influences on the Water Cycle

7.2.1Causes of Drought

7.2.2Impacts of Drought

7.2.3Causes of Flooding

7.2.4Impacts of Flooding

7.2.5Climate Change & The Water Cycle

7.2.6Impacts of Climate Change

7.2.7End of Topic Test - The Water Cycle

7.3Water Insecurity

7.3.1Water Stress

7.3.2Causes of Water Insecurity

7.3.3Water Insecurity Risk

7.3.4Conflict Over Water

7.4Water Supply Management

7.4.1Hard Engineering Schemes

7.4.2Sustainable Management

7.4.3Water Treaties & Framework

7.4.4End of Topic Test - Water Insecurity & Management

8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)

8.1The Carbon Cycle

8.1.1Carbon Stores

8.1.2Carbon Stores 2

8.1.3Biological Carbon

8.1.4Atmospheric Carbon

8.1.5Burning Fossil Fuels

8.2Energy Consumption

8.2.1Consumption

8.2.2Access to Energy

8.2.3Energy Players

8.2.4Supply & Demand

8.2.5Pathways

8.2.6End of Topic Test - Carbon & Consumption

8.3Alternative Energy

8.3.1Unconventional Fuels

8.3.2Non-Fossil Fuels

8.3.3Non-Fossil Fuels 2

8.4Growing Demand for Resources

8.4.1Deforestation

8.4.2Water

8.4.3Climate Change

8.5The Future

8.5.1Future Uncertainty

8.5.2Adaptation Strategies

8.5.3Mitigation Strategies

9Superpowers (A2 only)

9.1Superpowers

9.1.1Introduction to Superpowers

9.1.2Superpowers - Economic Power & Size

9.1.3Superpowers - Political & Military Power

9.1.4Superpowers - Culture, Demography & Resources

9.1.5Geo-Strategic Location

9.2Hard & Soft Power

9.2.1Hard & Soft Power

9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry

9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power

9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil

9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia

9.2.6Emerging Powers - India

9.2.7Theories of Development

9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road

9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms

9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC

9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances

9.3.1Superpowers & IGOs

9.3.2Superpowers & TNCs

9.3.3Superpowers & Global Action

9.3.4Superpowers & Alliances

9.3.5Superpowers & the Environment

9.4Changing Global Influence

9.4.1Recent Tensions between Powers

9.4.2China in Africa & Asia

9.4.3Tensions in the Middle East

9.4.4Economic Problems for Superpowers

9.4.5Future Pattern of Power

10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)

11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)

11.1Globalisation & Migration

11.1.1Intro to Migration

11.1.2Trends in Migration

11.1.3Common Migration Patterns

11.1.4Causes of Migration

11.1.5Restrictions on Migration

11.2Consequences of Migration

11.2.1Intro to Culture

11.2.2Social & Demographic Tensions of Migration

11.2.3Political & Economic Tensions of Migration

11.3Nation States

11.3.1Intro to Nation States

11.3.2Borders

11.3.3Nationalism

11.4Responses to Global Migration

11.4.1Responses to Global Migration

11.4.2Global Organisations

11.4.3IGOs and World Trade

11.4.4Financial IGOs

11.4.5Environmental IGOs

11.5Sovereignty & Identity

11.5.1Sovereignty & Nationalism

11.5.2Complex Identities

11.5.3Challenges to National Identities

11.5.4Tensions within Nations

11.5.5Failed States

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