5.3.4
Regeneration in the UK
Evaluating the Need for Regeneration
Evaluating the Need for Regeneration
There are several ways to evaluate the need for regeneration. These can be quantitative (numerical data) or qualitative (non-numerical data). Different types of data can provide different representations of places.
Quantitative methods of evaluation
Quantitative methods of evaluation
- Quantitative methods for evaluating the need for regeneration include:
- Census data - this shows population growth rates, age categories, ethnicity and health.
- Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) data.
- Labour force surveys - these show average incomes, types of jobs and whether they are full or part-time.
Qualitative methods of evaluation
Qualitative methods of evaluation
- Qualitative methods for evaluating the need for regeneration include:
- Photographs - e.g. online sources such as Flikr or Google Earth.
- Postcards and paintings.
- Written documents - novels, old newspaper accounts, poems, marketing literature.
- TV documentaries, TV programmes, films, videos and songs.
- Interviews or questionnaires.
- Social media sources - e.g. Twitter, Instagram, Trip Advisor, blogs.
UK Government Policies to Facilitate Regeneration
UK Government Policies to Facilitate Regeneration
The UK government plays a key role in regeneration by facilitating investment in infrastructure. It also controls the rate and type of development by using planning restrictions and legislation.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure
- Investment in UK infrastructure seeks to address issues of regional accessibility and economic growth.
National infrastructure projects
National infrastructure projects
- National projects include:
- The UK motorway network, including adding new routes and maintaining existing ones.
- The HS2 rail link between London and Birmingham, which will then be extended to Manchester and Leeds.
- The development of regional airports (e.g. Newcastle, Manchester and Robin Hood in Doncaster).
- The roll-out of broadband across the UK (including rural areas). BT is mandated to manage this and meet the minimum standards set by the government.
Regulation
Regulation
- National government sets the planning policies within which development cannot happen:
- Greenbelt land is protected green space (often farmland around urban areas).
- Conservation areas have strict planning regulations that stop the development of almost anything except small-scale residential and commercial schemes.
Regulation - 'planning gain'
Regulation - 'planning gain'
- 'Planning gain' is a scheme for new private homes, where they only get planning permission if they include a certain percentage of affordable homes. They can also offer to improve infrastructure, but the developer has to pay for this.
Energy
Energy
- Some developments are approved by the government because they are in the 'national interest'.
- Fracking for shale gas, quarrying and nuclear power stations may be approved for this reason.
- E.g. In 2018, Cuadrilla got approval from the government to frack for gas in Lancashire.
Recent UK Government Regeneration Policies
Recent UK Government Regeneration Policies
There have been many attempts since 2000 to regenerate areas of the country. Some initiatives include:
House-building targets
House-building targets
- There is a severe housing shortage in the UK.
- The government has set house-building targets, for example 200,000 per year between 2010-15. But this target was not met.
Regional Development Agencies (RDAs)
Regional Development Agencies (RDAs)
- Between 2000 and 2010, Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) worked to combine private and public investment to regenerate key sites in cities.
Flagship buildings
Flagship buildings
- Flagship or landmark buildings that had a high visual impact received planning permission.
- The aim was to 'kick-start' investment with other local businesses and developments surrounding these areas.
- The current redevelopment of Battersea Power Station could be called a flagship development.
Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)
Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)
- Since 2010, regeneration has been led by private investment (Local Enterprise Partnerships – LEPs) often involving retail developments (e.g. Westfield schemes) and private housing developments.
Local councils
Local councils
- At the local level, local councils act as advisors and facilitators to a lot of these initiatives.
- The ERDF funds projects at the EU level and many of these happen in the UK.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Unlock your full potential with GoStudent tutoring
Affordable 1:1 tutoring from the comfort of your home
Tutors are matched to your specific learning needs
30+ school subjects covered