10.4.1
Geopolitical Interventions
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
There are different forms of geopolitical intervention in defence of human rights. Geopolitical interventions are the exercise of a country’s power in order to influence the course of events outside its borders. ODA is one intervention.
ODA
ODA
- ODA is given to the least developed countries through multilateral or bilateral schemes financed by developed countries.
- The target set by the OECD for bilateral aid is 0.7% of GNI.
- Bilateral schemes allow donor countries to pursue their own agenda and to target their aid.
- Multilateral aid schemes do not, in theory, allow such motives.
- But, the world’s most powerful countries do influence multilateral donors.
- E.g. the World Bank.
Forms of ODA
Forms of ODA
- Much is in the form of loans of money. But, these attract interest and require repayment.
- Receiving countries therefore often enter a downward spiral of debt.
- More valuable ODA is in the form of technical assistance – the transfer of expertise, technology and education.
- These tend to dominate ‘bottom-up’ development projects.
Geopolitical Interventions Giving Mutual Benefits
Geopolitical Interventions Giving Mutual Benefits
There are interventions that involve things like increased levels of trade or encouraging foreign investment so that both participants benefit.
Mutual benefit interventions
Mutual benefit interventions
- Strengthening security and stability e.g. fighting terrorism.
- Promoting international trade and protecting trade routes.
- Accessing resources e.g. investment in new mines or power developments.
- Encouraging inward investment of FDI.
- Providing military aid (e.g. training) and support (e.g. equipping), including direct action (e.g. against insurgents and terrorists).
Trade
Trade
- Increased levels of favourable trade can help countries develop.
- E.g. the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional agreement relating to free trade and economic co-operation within that region.
- E.g. The Doha Development Agenda, aimed at lowering trade barriers e.g. by allowing agricultural products from developing countries to enter the EU and the USA in return for importing manufactured goods and services.
- The Fairtrade Foundation seeks to obtain a fair price for a wide range of goods exported by developing countries.
Trade sanctions
Trade sanctions
- Trade embargoes and sanctions can slow down development.
- E.g. the recent trade embargo on Iran due to its alleged violation of the treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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