6.4.1
UK Migrations
Internal Migration in the UK
Internal Migration in the UK
Internal migration (between different parts of the UK) has helped culture and society to become more diverse.
Deindustrialisation
Deindustrialisation
- Since the 1960s, when deindustrialisation began, there has been significant internal north to south migration.
- Estimated to be over 3 million people.
- These migrants tend to be young adults, mostly under 35, and relatively skilled/educated and motivated.
- They have sought better quality and higher-paid employment in an area that is more prosperous than the one they originated from.
Winners and losers
Winners and losers
- Some regions have gained, and the source regions have lost, the younger and more talented people.
- The biggest ‘losers’ have been the North West, West Midlands, North East and Yorkshire and the Humber.
- The biggest ‘winners’ have been the South East and South West.
Regional variations in population
Regional variations in population
- All the regions of the UK have seen a growth in their population, but internal migration contributes to different growth rates by region.
- The East and South East grew by 0.8% each year between 2004 and 2014, and London grew by 1.8% annually (although it has started to decline recently).
- Scotland, Wales, the North East and North West all grew by 0.5% per year or less
Average age by region
Average age by region
- There are now some significant differences in average age between regions:
- London is the youngest, with an average age of 34.
- In Scotland, the North East and North West the average age is 40–41.
- The South West has the highest average age at 42.9 - this is because it is a popular retirement destination.
International Migration in the UK
International Migration in the UK
There are many flows of international migrants to the UK. Straight after colonialism, many immigrants came to the UK and since 2004 there has been much migration from the EU.
After colonialism
After colonialism
- After the end of British colonial rule, many immigrants came to the UK in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. These people were the Windrush generation.
- Most have had children and grandchildren born in the UK and there has also been much interracial marriage.
- The largest immigrant groups are from the Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh).
- More recent migrations have included Somalis (East Africa), and eastern Europeans (e.g. Poles and Lithuanians).
Migrants from the EU since 2004
Migrants from the EU since 2004
- 'A8' migrants are those from the eight eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004 (Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia).
- Many have settled in rural locations because there were particular skills shortages they could easily fill.
- E.g. In Northern Scotland, working in the fishing, fish processing and fish packaging industries.
- E.g. In Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire, working in farming, food processing and packaging.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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