6.4.2
Challenges
Challenges and Benefits of Migration
Challenges and Benefits of Migration
There are both benefits and challenges to face because of internal and international migration.
Challenges
Challenges
- Housing shortages and price rises, because the amount of housing available is limited.
- There are challenges in delivering education and health care because of language barriers and limited school and medical facilities.
- There are cultural challenges to overcome in traditional rural areas that had rarely experienced ‘outsiders’ or change.
Benefits
Benefits
- A8 migrants have reduced the average age of rural areas and boosted population because they tend to be young and have children.
- Economic opportunities have been created because many A8 migrants have set up their own businesses e.g. food shops serving migrant tastes.
- More cultural diversity in classrooms teaches people from a young age to be tolerant and kind to everyone, regardless of background.
Segregation
Segregation
Levels of segregation (migrants living in clusters) reflect cultural, economic and social variations and changes over time.
Wealthy people
Wealthy people
- Ethnic segregation takes place for both the rich and the poor.
- Segregation can be based on economic reasons – many of the 150,000 Russians living in London live in expensive properties in Kensington and Chelsea.
- They have ‘exported’ their wealth from Russia into the London property market.
Poorer people
Poorer people
- On the other hand, the majority of Bangladeshi migrants are poor and are concentrated in some of the poorest parts of the UK. For example, Tower Hamlets, including Whitechapel and Spitalfields.
- Their poverty is compounded by high unemployment, relatively high rates of illness, larger family sizes and a lack of skills including the inability to speak English.
- There are recent signs of improvement in education performance for young Bangladeshis (higher GCSE pass rates).
Segregated areas
Segregated areas
- Urban landscapes reflect the dominant ethnic group (a 'cultural stamp')
- There are places of worship such as mosques and Hindu temples.
- There are shops selling cooking ingredients for specific cultures and traditional dress (e.g. sari shops).
- There are festivals to reflect different ethnic groups e.g. the Notting Hill and Chapeltown (Leeds) Carnivals.
- E.g. ‘Curry Mile’ in Rusholme (Manchester), restaurants in Brick Lane (Banglatown) and Southall (London).
Perceptions of Segregation
Perceptions of Segregation
Segregated areas can be perceived by outsiders in negative ways, and perceptions have changed over time.
Discrimination
Discrimination
- The original post-colonial migrants experienced hostility and discrimination from some of the UK’s population.
- Elements of this remain from some people (E.g. the English Defence League, EDL), though perceptions have changed over time.
Present day
Present day
- Ethnic communities have grown wealthier, by setting up businesses and moving into professional and managerial jobs.
- Second and third generation immigrants have passed through the UK education system and their culture is more likely to be a hybrid of British and their ethnic cultures.
- Members of immigrant communities have become local and national politicians, giving their people a voice they lacked previously e.g. in 2015 there were 41 MPs from ethnic minorities.
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
Jump to other topics
1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.1Tectonic Processes & Hazards
1.2Natural Disasters
1.3Natural Disaster Case Studies
1.4Trends & Patterns
2Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change
2.1Glaciated Landscapes Over Time
2.2Periglacial Landscapes
2.3Glacial Processes
2.4Glacial Landforms
3Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change
3.1Coastal Landscapes
3.2Coastal Erosion & Deposition
3.3Coastal Risks
4Globalisation
4.1Globalisation
4.2Negatives of Globalisation
4.3Global Shift
4.5Culture
4.6Measuring Development
5Option 4A: Regenerating Places
5.1Types of Economies
5.2Function of Places
5.3Regeneration
5.4Regeneration Case Studies
6Option 4B: Diverse Places
6.1Population Structure
6.2Past & Present Connections
6.3Urban & Rural Spaces
6.4Diversity
6.5Urban & Rural Case Studies
6.6Case Study - Tower Hamlets
6.7Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple
7The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)
7.1Hydrological Processes Global to Local
7.2Influences on the Water Cycle
7.3Water Insecurity
8The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)
8.1The Carbon Cycle
8.2Energy Consumption
8.3Alternative Energy
8.4Growing Demand for Resources
9Superpowers (A2 only)
9.1Superpowers
9.2Hard & Soft Power
9.2.1Hard & Soft Power
9.2.2Emerging Powers - China Rivalry
9.2.3Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power
9.2.4Emerging Powers - Brazil
9.2.5Emerging Powers - Russia
9.2.6Emerging Powers - India
9.2.7Theories of Development
9.2.8Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road
9.2.9Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms
9.2.10Power Case Studies: OPEC
9.3IGOs, TNCs & Alliances
10Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)
10.1Human Development
10.2Role of Governments & IGOs
10.3Human Rights
10.4Interventions
11Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)
11.1Globalisation & Migration
11.2Consequences of Migration
11.3Nation States
11.4Responses to Global Migration
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