7.3.9

Spectator Behaviour

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PROs and CONs of Spectators

The PROs and CONs of spectators at sporting events are listed below:

PRO - atmosphere

PRO - atmosphere

  • Spectators will cheer their team on and encourage them vocally.
  • Atmosphere around the stadium is something that players can thrive off.
PRO - home advantage

PRO - home advantage

  • Atmosphere, where home players can thrive off the home supporters to help boost their performance, is called home field advantage.
  • Most teams have a better record at home than they do away.
CON - intimidating environment

CON - intimidating environment

  • Performers may find the occasion intimidating.
  • Performers might make mistakes and lose concentration.
CON - crowd trouble

CON - crowd trouble

  • When spectators become too involved in the event, crowd trouble can happen.
  • Crowd trouble in sport could lead to younger people not wanting to participate in sport.

Why Does Hooliganism Happen?

There are a number of reasons why hooliganism (violent behaviour) happens:

Rivalries

Rivalries

  • Derby matches are hyped up in the press to increase sales.
  • Fans of local teams can be very passionate, which can turn to violence.
Alcohol and drugs

Alcohol and drugs

  • When spectators are intoxicated, they can become aggressive very quickly over things that would not usually bother them.
Gang culture

Gang culture

  • Groups of supporters participate in organised violence as part of a weekend ritual.
  • Fans feel as though they have to defend their area or team.
Frustration

Frustration

  • Sometimes hooliganism is spontaneous (spur of the moment) because people are frustrated at the performances of players or officials.
  • If the game has not gone their way, fans can become aggressive and take it out on opposition supporters or security.
Masculinity

Masculinity

  • Hooliganism can be a show of masculinity (manliness).
  • Hooliganism does not always involve males though.

Combatting Hooliganism

There are a few strategies that can be used to combat hooliganism:

Early kick-offs

Early kick-offs

  • Matches are arranged for earlier in the day so that there is less time spent in the pubs around the ground before the game.
  • Early kick-offs reduce the violence that alcohol can encourage.
All-seater stadiums

All-seater stadiums

  • Teams in the higher football leagues must have all-seater stadiums. This prevents fans within the stand moving around.
  • It also offers more control over ticketing and the attendance.
  • This can be expensive for clubs to arrange, particularly for lower league sides with less money.
Segregation (keeping apart) of fans

Segregation (keeping apart) of fans

  • Home and away fans are kept separate in football to prevent any clashes between fans. This is a very effective method of policing the inside of the ground.
  • However, paying for stewards and police officers can be expensive.
Improved security

Improved security

  • Stewards and police officers are better trained and better equipped to handle crowd trouble and lower any tension.
  • This is very expensive. The cost of policing (having police at) home fixtures last season was £1 million in the Premier League.
Alcohol restrictions

Alcohol restrictions

  • Alcohol is banned pitch side in most football stadiums in the UK.
  • Police also make pubs close early to prevent excessive (too much) alcohol consumption.
  • Local pubs have lost income (money) because of this.
Travel restrictions

Travel restrictions

  • Hooligans known to the police get banning orders. This means that they have to report to police stations during their team's matches.
  • It takes up a lot of the authorities’ time to identify these hooligans and manage their banning orders. This is expensive for the police force.
Education

Education

  • High profile role models help to make spectators behave at matches.
  • Role models are also involved in campaigns such as ‘kick racism out of football’ to prevent racism in football.
Jump to other topics
1

Applied Anatomy & Physiology

1.1

The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.1Musculoskeletal Structure1.1.2Structure of the Skeleton1.1.3Functions of the Skeleton1.1.4Joints1.1.5Joints 21.1.6Antagonistic Muscle Movement1.1.7End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System1.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System1.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Contractions
1.2

The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.1Pathway of Air1.2.2Blood Vessels1.2.3Blood Vessels 21.2.4Structure of the Heart1.2.5Cardiac Cycle1.2.6Measures of Heart Performance1.2.7The Mechanics of Breathing1.2.8The Mechanics of Breathing 21.2.9The Lungs1.2.10End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System1.2.11Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System1.2.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pathway of Blood1.2.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Output
1.3

Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise

1.3.1Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration1.3.2Recovering After Exercise1.3.3Treatments for Recovery1.3.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic
1.4

Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.1Short-Term Effects of Exercise1.4.2Long-Term Effects of Exercise
2

Movement Analysis

2.1

Lever Systems

2.1.1Lever Systems2.1.2Mechanical Advantage2.1.3Basic Sporting Movements2.1.4Basic Sporting Movements 22.1.5Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Lever Systems
2.2

Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.1Planes & Axes of Movement2.2.2End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis2.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Movement2.2.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Planes vs Axes
3

Physical Training

3.1

Health & Fitness

3.1.1Health & Fitness
3.2

The Components of Fitness

3.2.1The Components of Fitness3.2.2Sports & Fitness3.2.3Fitness Testing3.2.4Measuring Agility & Balance3.2.5Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination3.2.6Measuring Endurance & Power3.2.7Measuring Reaction Time & Strength3.2.8Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility3.2.9End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness3.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests
4

The Principles of Training

4.1

Principles of Training

4.1.1Principles & Circuit Training4.1.2Continuous & Fartlek Training4.1.3Plyometric & Static Training4.1.4Weight & Interval Training4.1.5Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Training
4.2

Optimising Training

4.2.1Optimising Training4.2.2Altitude & Seasonal Training4.2.3Warming Up4.2.4Cooling Down4.2.5End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation4.2.6Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness
5

Using Data

5.1

Types of Data

5.1.1Quantitative Data5.1.2Qualitative Data
5.2

Data Presentation & Analysis

5.2.1Data Presentation & Analysis
6

Sports Psychology

6.1

Skills

6.1.1Skills6.1.2Skills 26.1.3Goals & Targets6.1.4Skills HyperLearning
6.2

Feedback & Preparation

6.2.1Information Processing6.2.2Guidance6.2.3Guidance 26.2.4Feedback6.2.5Mental Preparation6.2.6Controlling & Optimising Arousal6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance
6.3

Personality & Behaviour

6.3.1Aggression6.3.2Motivation6.3.3Personality Types6.3.4End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology6.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation6.3.6Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aggression
7

Socio-cultural Influences

7.1

Engagement Patterns of Different Social Groups

7.1.1Engagement - Gender7.1.2Engagement - Ethnicity7.1.3Engagement - Age & Family7.1.4Engagement - Disability
7.2

Commercialisation

7.2.1Media7.2.2Commercialisation7.2.3Commercialisation 27.2.4Sponsorship7.2.5Arguments for Sponsorship7.2.6Impact of Sponsorship7.2.7End of Topic Test - Engagement & Commercialisation7.2.8Exam-Style Questions - Commercialisation & Conduct
7.3

Ethical & Socio-cultural Issues

7.3.1Impact of Technology on Performers7.3.2Impact of Technology on Performers 27.3.3Impact of Technology on Sport7.3.4Impact of Technology on Sport 27.3.5Sporting Conduct & Banned Substances7.3.6Blood Doping7.3.7Drug Restrictions7.3.8Drug Restrictions 27.3.9Spectator Behaviour7.3.10End of Topic Test - Ethical Issues7.3.11Exam-Style Questions - Performance Enhancing Drugs7.3.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conduct in Sport
8

Health & Fitness

8.1

Overview of Health

8.1.1Well-Being & Fitness8.1.2Types of Health
8.2

Sedentary Lifestyles

8.2.1Sedentary Lifestyle8.2.2Obesity & Performance8.2.3Somatotypes8.2.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Somatypes
8.3

Nutrition & Hydration

8.3.1Nutrition8.3.2Nutrition 28.3.3Hydration8.3.4End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness8.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration

Practice questions on Spectator Behaviour

Can you answer these? Test yourself with free interactive practice on Seneca — used by over 10 million students.

  1. 1
    Select the negative influence of spectatorsMultiple choice
  2. 2
    What are the potential negative influences of spectators?Fill in the list
  3. 3
    Which of the following is not a reason why hooliganism happens?Multiple choice
  4. 4
    Which of the following is not a method for combatting hooliganism?Multiple choice
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Drug Restrictions 2

End of Topic Test - Ethical Issues