Spectator Behaviour

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PROs and CONs of Spectators

The PROs and CONs of spectators at sporting events are listed below:

PRO - atmosphere

Spectators will cheer their team on and encourage them vocally.
Atmosphere around the stadium is something that players can thrive off.

PRO - home advantage

Atmosphere, where home players can thrive off the home supporters to help boost their performance, is called home field advantage.
Most teams have a better record at home than they do away.

CON - intimidating environment

Performers may find the occasion intimidating.
Performers might make mistakes and lose concentration.

CON - crowd trouble

When spectators become too involved in the event, crowd trouble can happen.
Crowd trouble in sport could lead to younger people not wanting to participate in sport.

Why Does Hooliganism Happen?

There are a number of reasons why hooliganism (violent behaviour) happens:

Rivalries

Derby matches are hyped up in the press to increase sales.
Fans of local teams can be very passionate, which can turn to violence.

Alcohol and drugs

When spectators are intoxicated, they can become aggressive very quickly over things that would not usually bother them.

Gang culture

Groups of supporters participate in organised violence as part of a weekend ritual.
Fans feel as though they have to defend their area or team.

Frustration

Sometimes hooliganism is spontaneous (spur of the moment) because people are frustrated at the performances of players or officials.
If the game has not gone their way, fans can become aggressive and take it out on opposition supporters or security.

Masculinity

Hooliganism can be a show of masculinity (manliness).
Hooliganism does not always involve males though.

Combatting Hooliganism

There are a few strategies that can be used to combat hooliganism:

Early kick-offs

Matches are arranged for earlier in the day so that there is less time spent in the pubs around the ground before the game.
Early kick-offs reduce the violence that alcohol can encourage.

All-seater stadiums

Teams in the higher football leagues must have all-seater stadiums. This prevents fans within the stand moving around.
It also offers more control over ticketing and the attendance.
This can be expensive for clubs to arrange, particularly for lower league sides with less money.

Segregation (keeping apart) of fans

Home and away fans are kept separate in football to prevent any clashes between fans. This is a very effective method of policing the inside of the ground.
However, paying for stewards and police officers can be expensive.

Improved security

Stewards and police officers are better trained and better equipped to handle crowd trouble and lower any tension.
This is very expensive. The cost of policing (having police at) home fixtures last season was £1 million in the Premier League.

Alcohol restrictions

Alcohol is banned pitch side in most football stadiums in the UK.
Police also make pubs close early to prevent excessive (too much) alcohol consumption.
Local pubs have lost income (money) because of this.

Travel restrictions

Hooligans known to the police get banning orders. This means that they have to report to police stations during their team's matches.
It takes up a lot of the authorities’ time to identify these hooligans and manage their banning orders. This is expensive for the police force.

Education

High profile role models help to make spectators behave at matches.
Role models are also involved in campaigns such as ‘kick racism out of football’ to prevent racism in football.

1Applied Anatomy & Physiology

1.1The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.1Musculoskeletal Structure

1.1.2Structure of the Skeleton

1.1.3Functions of the Skeleton

1.1.4Joints

1.1.5Joints 2

1.1.6Antagonistic Muscle Movement

1.1.7End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System

1.2The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.1Pathway of Air

1.2.2Blood Vessels

1.2.3Blood Vessels 2

1.2.4Structure of the Heart

1.2.5Cardiac Cycle

1.2.6Measures of Heart Performance

1.2.7The Mechanics of Breathing

1.2.8The Mechanics of Breathing 2

1.2.9The Lungs

1.2.10End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.11Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System

1.3Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise

1.3.1Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration

1.3.2Recovering After Exercise

1.3.3Treatments for Recovery

1.4Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.1Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.2Long-Term Effects of Exercise

2Movement Analysis

2.1Lever Systems

2.1.1Lever Systems

2.1.2Mechanical Advantage

2.1.3Basic Sporting Movements

2.1.4Basic Sporting Movements 2

2.2Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.1Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.2End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis

2.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Movement

3Physical Training

3.1Health & Fitness

3.1.1Health & Fitness

3.2The Components of Fitness

3.2.1The Components of Fitness

3.2.2Sports & Fitness

3.2.3Fitness Testing

3.2.4Measuring Agility & Balance

3.2.5Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination

3.2.6Measuring Endurance & Power

3.2.7Measuring Reaction Time & Strength

3.2.8Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility

3.2.9End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness

3.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests

4The Principles of Training

4.1Principles of Training

4.1.1Principles & Circuit Training

4.1.2Continuous & Fartlek Training

4.1.3Plyometric & Static Training

4.1.4Weight & Interval Training

4.2Optimising Training

4.2.1Optimising Training

4.2.2Altitude & Seasonal Training

4.2.3Warming Up

4.2.4Cooling Down

4.2.5End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation

4.2.6Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness

5Using Data

5.1Types of Data

5.1.1Quantitative Data

5.1.2Qualitative Data

5.2Data Presentation & Analysis

5.2.1Data Presentation & Analysis

6Sports Psychology

6.1Skills

6.1.1Skills

6.1.2Skills 2

6.1.3Goals & Targets

6.1.4Skills HyperLearning

6.2Feedback & Preparation

6.2.1Information Processing

6.2.2Guidance

6.2.3Guidance 2

6.2.4Feedback

6.2.5Mental Preparation

6.2.6Controlling & Optimising Arousal

6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance

6.3Personality & Behaviour

6.3.1Aggression

6.3.2Motivation

6.3.3Personality Types

6.3.4End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology

6.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation

7Socio-cultural Influences

8Health & Fitness

8.1Overview of Health

8.1.1Well-Being & Fitness

8.1.2Types of Health

8.2Sedentary Lifestyles

8.2.1Sedentary Lifestyle

8.2.2Obesity & Performance

8.2.3Somatotypes

8.3Nutrition & Hydration

8.3.1Nutrition

8.3.2Nutrition 2

8.3.3Hydration

8.3.4End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness

8.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration

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