Basic Sporting Movements

Basic Movements - the Elbow

The hinge joint in the elbow is made up of the humerus, radius and ulna. The muscles used to move this joint are the biceps and triceps.

Football throw-in

During a throw-in in football, the triceps contract and shorten (concentric contraction) to straighten (extend) the arm.
The triceps are the prime mover (agonist) because their contraction moves the arm directly. But the biceps relax and extend (antagonist) to counteract (act against) this action.

Bicep curl

During a bicep curl, the biceps are the prime mover and contract concentrically to create flexion (bending the arm). The triceps relax and extend, which makes them the antagonist.

Basic Movements - the Knee

The hinge joint in the knee is made up of the femur, tibia and fibula. The muscles used to move this joint are the quadriceps and hamstrings.

Running or kicking

When running/kicking/standing/jumping/squatting, the quadriceps contract and shorten (concentric contraction) to straighten (extend) the leg out in front.
The quadriceps are the prime mover (agonist) because their contraction moves the leg directly.
But the hamstrings relax and extend (antagonist) to counteract (act against) this action.

Pushing off the floor

When pushing off the floor, the hamstrings are the prime mover as they contract and shorten (concentric contraction) to cause flexion at the knee (bending of the leg).
The quadriceps relax and extend, which makes them the antagonist.

Basic Movements - The Hip

The ball and socket joint in the hip is made up of the femur and pelvis. The muscles used to move this joint are the hip flexor and the gluteus maximus.

Running and kicking: part 1

During running/kicking/standing/jumping/squatting, the gluteus maximus contracts and shortens (concentric contraction) to extend the hip (push the hip forwards).

Running and kicking: part 2

During running/kicking/standing/jumping/squatting, (lifting the leg) the hip flexors contract and shorten (concentrically) to cause flexion at the hip. The hip flexors are the prime mover (agonist) because their contraction directly moves the hip. But the gluteus maximus relaxes and extends (antagonist) to counteract (act against) this action.

1Applied Anatomy & Physiology

1.1The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.1Musculoskeletal Structure

1.1.2Structure of the Skeleton

1.1.3Functions of the Skeleton

1.1.4Joints

1.1.5Joints 2

1.1.6Antagonistic Muscle Movement

1.1.7End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System

1.2The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.1Pathway of Air

1.2.2Blood Vessels

1.2.3Blood Vessels 2

1.2.4Structure of the Heart

1.2.5Cardiac Cycle

1.2.6Measures of Heart Performance

1.2.7The Mechanics of Breathing

1.2.8The Mechanics of Breathing 2

1.2.9The Lungs

1.2.10End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.11Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System

1.3Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise

1.3.1Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration

1.3.2Recovering After Exercise

1.3.3Treatments for Recovery

1.4Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.1Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.2Long-Term Effects of Exercise

2Movement Analysis

2.1Lever Systems

2.1.1Lever Systems

2.1.2Mechanical Advantage

2.1.3Basic Sporting Movements

2.1.4Basic Sporting Movements 2

2.2Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.1Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.2End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis

2.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Movement

3Physical Training

3.1Health & Fitness

3.1.1Health & Fitness

3.2The Components of Fitness

3.2.1The Components of Fitness

3.2.2Sports & Fitness

3.2.3Fitness Testing

3.2.4Measuring Agility & Balance

3.2.5Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination

3.2.6Measuring Endurance & Power

3.2.7Measuring Reaction Time & Strength

3.2.8Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility

3.2.9End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness

3.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests

4The Principles of Training

4.1Principles of Training

4.1.1Principles & Circuit Training

4.1.2Continuous & Fartlek Training

4.1.3Plyometric & Static Training

4.1.4Weight & Interval Training

4.2Optimising Training

4.2.1Optimising Training

4.2.2Altitude & Seasonal Training

4.2.3Warming Up

4.2.4Cooling Down

4.2.5End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation

4.2.6Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness

5Using Data

5.1Types of Data

5.1.1Quantitative Data

5.1.2Qualitative Data

5.2Data Presentation & Analysis

5.2.1Data Presentation & Analysis

6Sports Psychology

6.1Skills

6.1.1Skills

6.1.2Skills 2

6.1.3Goals & Targets

6.1.4Skills HyperLearning

6.2Feedback & Preparation

6.2.1Information Processing

6.2.2Guidance

6.2.3Guidance 2

6.2.4Feedback

6.2.5Mental Preparation

6.2.6Controlling & Optimising Arousal

6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance

6.3Personality & Behaviour

6.3.1Aggression

6.3.2Motivation

6.3.3Personality Types

6.3.4End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology

6.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation

7Socio-cultural Influences

8Health & Fitness

8.1Overview of Health

8.1.1Well-Being & Fitness

8.1.2Types of Health

8.2Sedentary Lifestyles

8.2.1Sedentary Lifestyle

8.2.2Obesity & Performance

8.2.3Somatotypes

8.3Nutrition & Hydration

8.3.1Nutrition

8.3.2Nutrition 2

8.3.3Hydration

8.3.4End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness

8.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration

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