6.2.4

Feedback

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Positive and Negative Feedback

Positive and negative feedback are both provided by other people (extrinsic). Positive feedback tells the performer what went well with the performance. Negative feedback, on the other hand, tells the performer what did not go well with their performance.

Positive feedback

Positive feedback

  • This is an important process in telling the performer what they need to continue to do for future performances.
  • Positive feedback is excellent for motivating a performer. It is particularly important for beginners because it helps to build their confidence when they are trying a new skill.
Negative feedback

Negative feedback

  • Negative feedback is an important process for identifying faults for a performer so that they can correct them for future performances.
  • Negative feedback is mainly used with elite performers so that they can make small corrections to their technique.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Feedback

Feedback can be split into extrinsic feedback and intrinsic feedback.

Extrinsic feedback

Extrinsic feedback

  • Extrinsic feedback often comes from a coach or teacher (it comes from the outside).
  • Extrinsic feedback could also come from a team-mate or, from a result they get in competition.
  • Extrinsic feedback is important for beginners because they do not have the experience to recognise faults (or positives) with their own performance.
Intrinsic feedback

Intrinsic feedback

  • Intrinsic feedback comes from within a performer themselves,
  • Performers can use their senses to tell themselves (e.g. the feel of the shot off the bat in cricket or looking to see where a golf shot lands).
  • The process of ‘feeling’ performance through the muscles is known as kinesthesis.
  • Elite performers commonly use this. They know how a technique or skill should feel when doing it well.

Knowledge

Knowledge can be split into knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP).

Knowledge of results

Knowledge of results

  • This focuses on how successful a performer is in achieving their desired outcome (goal).
  • This type of feedback is mostly factual. It tells the performer about a result. This is usually external (e.g. from a coach) but can also be internal:
    • Seeing the distance achieved in a long jump (internal).
    • Golf score.
    • Whether your shot in hockey went in or not.
Knowledge of performance

Knowledge of performance

  • This focuses on the quality of the performance rather than the outcome.
  • This type of feedback relates to the whether the technique was correct or not. The goal is not important here. Examples include:
  • Executing (carrying out) an excellent golf swing on a drive.
  • Good elbow extension (lengthening) in a free throw in basketball.
Jump to other topics
1

Applied Anatomy & Physiology

1.1

The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.1Musculoskeletal Structure1.1.2Structure of the Skeleton1.1.3Functions of the Skeleton1.1.4Joints1.1.5Joints 21.1.6Antagonistic Muscle Movement1.1.7End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System1.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System1.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Contractions
1.2

The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.1Pathway of Air1.2.2Blood Vessels1.2.3Blood Vessels 21.2.4Structure of the Heart1.2.5Cardiac Cycle1.2.6Measures of Heart Performance1.2.7The Mechanics of Breathing1.2.8The Mechanics of Breathing 21.2.9The Lungs1.2.10End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System1.2.11Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System1.2.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pathway of Blood1.2.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Output
1.3

Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise

1.3.1Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration1.3.2Recovering After Exercise1.3.3Treatments for Recovery1.3.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic
1.4

Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.1Short-Term Effects of Exercise1.4.2Long-Term Effects of Exercise
2

Movement Analysis

2.1

Lever Systems

2.1.1Lever Systems2.1.2Mechanical Advantage2.1.3Basic Sporting Movements2.1.4Basic Sporting Movements 22.1.5Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Lever Systems
2.2

Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.1Planes & Axes of Movement2.2.2End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis2.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Movement2.2.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Planes vs Axes
3

Physical Training

3.1

Health & Fitness

3.1.1Health & Fitness
3.2

The Components of Fitness

3.2.1The Components of Fitness3.2.2Sports & Fitness3.2.3Fitness Testing3.2.4Measuring Agility & Balance3.2.5Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination3.2.6Measuring Endurance & Power3.2.7Measuring Reaction Time & Strength3.2.8Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility3.2.9End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness3.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests
4

The Principles of Training

4.1

Principles of Training

4.1.1Principles & Circuit Training4.1.2Continuous & Fartlek Training4.1.3Plyometric & Static Training4.1.4Weight & Interval Training4.1.5Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Training
4.2

Optimising Training

4.2.1Optimising Training4.2.2Altitude & Seasonal Training4.2.3Warming Up4.2.4Cooling Down4.2.5End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation4.2.6Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness
5

Using Data

5.1

Types of Data

5.1.1Quantitative Data5.1.2Qualitative Data
5.2

Data Presentation & Analysis

5.2.1Data Presentation & Analysis
6

Sports Psychology

6.1

Skills

6.1.1Skills6.1.2Skills 26.1.3Goals & Targets6.1.4Skills HyperLearning
6.2

Feedback & Preparation

6.2.1Information Processing6.2.2Guidance6.2.3Guidance 26.2.4Feedback6.2.5Mental Preparation6.2.6Controlling & Optimising Arousal6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance
6.3

Personality & Behaviour

6.3.1Aggression6.3.2Motivation6.3.3Personality Types6.3.4End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology6.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation6.3.6Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aggression
7

Socio-cultural Influences

7.1

Engagement Patterns of Different Social Groups

7.1.1Engagement - Gender7.1.2Engagement - Ethnicity7.1.3Engagement - Age & Family7.1.4Engagement - Disability
7.2

Commercialisation

7.2.1Media7.2.2Commercialisation7.2.3Commercialisation 27.2.4Sponsorship7.2.5Arguments for Sponsorship7.2.6Impact of Sponsorship7.2.7End of Topic Test - Engagement & Commercialisation7.2.8Exam-Style Questions - Commercialisation & Conduct
7.3

Ethical & Socio-cultural Issues

7.3.1Impact of Technology on Performers7.3.2Impact of Technology on Performers 27.3.3Impact of Technology on Sport7.3.4Impact of Technology on Sport 27.3.5Sporting Conduct & Banned Substances7.3.6Blood Doping7.3.7Drug Restrictions7.3.8Drug Restrictions 27.3.9Spectator Behaviour7.3.10End of Topic Test - Ethical Issues7.3.11Exam-Style Questions - Performance Enhancing Drugs7.3.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conduct in Sport
8

Health & Fitness

8.1

Overview of Health

8.1.1Well-Being & Fitness8.1.2Types of Health
8.2

Sedentary Lifestyles

8.2.1Sedentary Lifestyle8.2.2Obesity & Performance8.2.3Somatotypes8.2.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Somatypes
8.3

Nutrition & Hydration

8.3.1Nutrition8.3.2Nutrition 28.3.3Hydration8.3.4End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness8.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration

Practice questions on Feedback

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  1. 1
    Positive and negative feedback are...Multiple choice
  2. 2
    Positive feedbackTrue / false
  3. 3
    What is the process of 'feeling' performance through the muscles known as?Multiple choice
  4. 4
    What are the 2 categories of knowledge?Fill in the list
  5. 5
    Which of the following is not a category of knowledge?Multiple choice
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Guidance 2

Mental Preparation