Feedback

Positive and Negative Feedback

Positive and negative feedback are both provided by other people (extrinsic). Positive feedback tells the performer what went well with the performance. Negative feedback, on the other hand, tells the performer what did not go well with their performance.

Positive feedback

This is an important process in telling the performer what they need to continue to do for future performances.
Positive feedback is excellent for motivating a performer. It is particularly important for beginners because it helps to build their confidence when they are trying a new skill.

Negative feedback

Negative feedback is an important process for identifying faults for a performer so that they can correct them for future performances.
Negative feedback is mainly used with elite performers so that they can make small corrections to their technique.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Feedback

Feedback can be split into extrinsic feedback and intrinsic feedback.

Extrinsic feedback

Extrinsic feedback often comes from a coach or teacher (it comes from the outside).
Extrinsic feedback could also come from a team-mate or, from a result they get in competition.
Extrinsic feedback is important for beginners because they do not have the experience to recognise faults (or positives) with their own performance.

Intrinsic feedback

Intrinsic feedback comes from within a performer themselves,
Performers can use their senses to tell themselves (e.g. the feel of the shot off the bat in cricket or looking to see where a golf shot lands).
The process of ‘feeling’ performance through the muscles is known as kinesthesis.
Elite performers commonly use this. They know how a technique or skill should feel when doing it well.

Knowledge

Knowledge can be split into knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP).

Knowledge of results

This focuses on how successful a performer is in achieving their desired outcome (goal).
This type of feedback is mostly factual. It tells the performer about a result. This is usually external (e.g. from a coach) but can also be internal:
- Seeing the distance achieved in a long jump (internal).
- Golf score.
- Whether your shot in hockey went in or not.

Knowledge of performance

This focuses on the quality of the performance rather than the outcome.
This type of feedback relates to the whether the technique was correct or not. The goal is not important here. Examples include:
Executing (carrying out) an excellent golf swing on a drive.
Good elbow extension (lengthening) in a free throw in basketball.

1Applied Anatomy & Physiology

1.1The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.1Musculoskeletal Structure

1.1.2Structure of the Skeleton

1.1.3Functions of the Skeleton

1.1.4Joints

1.1.5Joints 2

1.1.6Antagonistic Muscle Movement

1.1.7End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System

1.2The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.1Pathway of Air

1.2.2Blood Vessels

1.2.3Blood Vessels 2

1.2.4Structure of the Heart

1.2.5Cardiac Cycle

1.2.6Measures of Heart Performance

1.2.7The Mechanics of Breathing

1.2.8The Mechanics of Breathing 2

1.2.9The Lungs

1.2.10End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.11Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System

1.3Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise

1.3.1Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration

1.3.2Recovering After Exercise

1.3.3Treatments for Recovery

1.4Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.1Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.2Long-Term Effects of Exercise

2Movement Analysis

2.1Lever Systems

2.1.1Lever Systems

2.1.2Mechanical Advantage

2.1.3Basic Sporting Movements

2.1.4Basic Sporting Movements 2

2.2Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.1Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.2End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis

2.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Movement

3Physical Training

3.1Health & Fitness

3.1.1Health & Fitness

3.2The Components of Fitness

3.2.1The Components of Fitness

3.2.2Sports & Fitness

3.2.3Fitness Testing

3.2.4Measuring Agility & Balance

3.2.5Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination

3.2.6Measuring Endurance & Power

3.2.7Measuring Reaction Time & Strength

3.2.8Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility

3.2.9End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness

3.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests

4The Principles of Training

4.1Principles of Training

4.1.1Principles & Circuit Training

4.1.2Continuous & Fartlek Training

4.1.3Plyometric & Static Training

4.1.4Weight & Interval Training

4.2Optimising Training

4.2.1Optimising Training

4.2.2Altitude & Seasonal Training

4.2.3Warming Up

4.2.4Cooling Down

4.2.5End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation

4.2.6Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness

5Using Data

5.1Types of Data

5.1.1Quantitative Data

5.1.2Qualitative Data

5.2Data Presentation & Analysis

5.2.1Data Presentation & Analysis

6Sports Psychology

6.1Skills

6.1.1Skills

6.1.2Skills 2

6.1.3Goals & Targets

6.1.4Skills HyperLearning

6.2Feedback & Preparation

6.2.1Information Processing

6.2.2Guidance

6.2.3Guidance 2

6.2.4Feedback

6.2.5Mental Preparation

6.2.6Controlling & Optimising Arousal

6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance

6.3Personality & Behaviour

6.3.1Aggression

6.3.2Motivation

6.3.3Personality Types

6.3.4End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology

6.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation

7Socio-cultural Influences

8Health & Fitness

8.1Overview of Health

8.1.1Well-Being & Fitness

8.1.2Types of Health

8.2Sedentary Lifestyles

8.2.1Sedentary Lifestyle

8.2.2Obesity & Performance

8.2.3Somatotypes

8.3Nutrition & Hydration

8.3.1Nutrition

8.3.2Nutrition 2

8.3.3Hydration

8.3.4End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness

8.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration

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