1.2.9

The Lungs

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Volumes on a Spirometer Trace

A spirometer is a piece of equipment used to measure breathing volume. The reading from the spirometer is called the spirometer trace. The following volumes can be found on any given spirometer trace:

Tidal volume

Tidal volume

Tidal volume is the volume of air that is breathed in or out while at rest.
The amount of air that enters the lungs is the same amount that leaves the lungs (about 500ml).

Expiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after 1 normal exhalation (after tidal volume).
This is about 1000ml.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forced into the lungs after 1 normal inhalation (after tidal volume).
This can be as much as 3000 ml.

Residual volume

Residual volume

Residual volume is the volume of air that is left in the lungs after exhalation.
There is always some air left in the lungs (about 1500ml).

Spirometer Traces

The reading on a spirometer trace will change depending on whether it's measuring breathing during rest or exercise.

At rest

At rest

The trace will have consistently equal peaks and troughs (highs and lows) using about 500ml of air (average person).

During exercise

During exercise

During exercise, the spirometer trace will change. The peak will increase into the inspiratory reserve volume. The trough will dip lower into the expiratory reserve volume.
However, there is always some air left in the lungs. This prevents them from collapsing.

1

Applied Anatomy & Physiology

1.1

The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.1Musculoskeletal Structure 1.1.2Structure of the Skeleton 1.1.3Functions of the Skeleton 1.1.4Joints 1.1.5Joints 2 1.1.6Antagonistic Muscle Movement 1.1.7End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System 1.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System 1.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Contractions

1.2

The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.1Pathway of Air 1.2.2Blood Vessels 1.2.3Blood Vessels 2 1.2.4Structure of the Heart 1.2.5Cardiac Cycle 1.2.6Measures of Heart Performance 1.2.7The Mechanics of Breathing 1.2.8The Mechanics of Breathing 2 1.2.9The Lungs 1.2.10End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System 1.2.11Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System 1.2.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pathway of Blood 1.2.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Output

1.3

Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise

1.3.1Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration 1.3.2Recovering After Exercise 1.3.3Treatments for Recovery 1.3.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic

1.4

Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.1Short-Term Effects of Exercise 1.4.2Long-Term Effects of Exercise

2

Movement Analysis

2.1

Lever Systems

2.1.1Lever Systems 2.1.2Mechanical Advantage 2.1.3Basic Sporting Movements 2.1.4Basic Sporting Movements 2 2.1.5Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Lever Systems

2.2

Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.1Planes & Axes of Movement 2.2.2End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis 2.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Movement 2.2.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Planes vs Axes

3

Physical Training

3.1

Health & Fitness

3.1.1Health & Fitness

3.2

The Components of Fitness

3.2.1The Components of Fitness 3.2.2Sports & Fitness 3.2.3Fitness Testing 3.2.4Measuring Agility & Balance 3.2.5Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination 3.2.6Measuring Endurance & Power 3.2.7Measuring Reaction Time & Strength 3.2.8Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility 3.2.9End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness 3.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests

4

The Principles of Training

4.1

Principles of Training

4.1.1Principles & Circuit Training 4.1.2Continuous & Fartlek Training 4.1.3Plyometric & Static Training 4.1.4Weight & Interval Training 4.1.5Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Training

4.2

Optimising Training

4.2.1Optimising Training 4.2.2Altitude & Seasonal Training 4.2.3Warming Up 4.2.4Cooling Down 4.2.5End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation 4.2.6Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness

5

Using Data

5.1

Types of Data

5.1.1Quantitative Data 5.1.2Qualitative Data

5.2

Data Presentation & Analysis

5.2.1Data Presentation & Analysis

6

Sports Psychology

6.1

Skills

6.1.1Skills 6.1.2Skills 2 6.1.3Goals & Targets 6.1.4Skills HyperLearning

6.2

Feedback & Preparation

6.2.1Information Processing 6.2.2Guidance 6.2.3Guidance 2 6.2.4Feedback 6.2.5Mental Preparation 6.2.6Controlling & Optimising Arousal 6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance

6.3

Personality & Behaviour

6.3.1Aggression 6.3.2Motivation 6.3.3Personality Types 6.3.4End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology 6.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation 6.3.6Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aggression

7

Socio-cultural Influences

7.1

Engagement Patterns of Different Social Groups

7.1.1Engagement - Gender 7.1.2Engagement - Ethnicity 7.1.3Engagement - Age & Family 7.1.4Engagement - Disability

7.2

Commercialisation

7.2.1Media 7.2.2Commercialisation 7.2.3Commercialisation 2 7.2.4Sponsorship 7.2.5Arguments for Sponsorship 7.2.6Impact of Sponsorship 7.2.7End of Topic Test - Engagement & Commercialisation 7.2.8Exam-Style Questions - Commercialisation & Conduct

7.3

Ethical & Socio-cultural Issues

7.3.1Impact of Technology on Performers 7.3.2Impact of Technology on Performers 2 7.3.3Impact of Technology on Sport 7.3.4Impact of Technology on Sport 2 7.3.5Sporting Conduct & Banned Substances 7.3.6Blood Doping 7.3.7Drug Restrictions 7.3.8Drug Restrictions 2 7.3.9Spectator Behaviour 7.3.10End of Topic Test - Ethical Issues 7.3.11Exam-Style Questions - Performance Enhancing Drugs 7.3.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conduct in Sport

8

Health & Fitness

8.1

Overview of Health

8.1.1Well-Being & Fitness 8.1.2Types of Health

8.2

Sedentary Lifestyles

8.2.1Sedentary Lifestyle 8.2.2Obesity & Performance 8.2.3Somatotypes 8.2.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Somatypes

8.3

Nutrition & Hydration

8.3.1Nutrition 8.3.2Nutrition 2 8.3.3Hydration 8.3.4End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness 8.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration

Jump to other topics

1

Applied Anatomy & Physiology

1.1

The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.1Musculoskeletal Structure 1.1.2Structure of the Skeleton 1.1.3Functions of the Skeleton 1.1.4Joints 1.1.5Joints 2 1.1.6Antagonistic Muscle Movement 1.1.7End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System 1.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System 1.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Contractions

1.2

The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.1Pathway of Air 1.2.2Blood Vessels 1.2.3Blood Vessels 2 1.2.4Structure of the Heart 1.2.5Cardiac Cycle 1.2.6Measures of Heart Performance 1.2.7The Mechanics of Breathing 1.2.8The Mechanics of Breathing 2 1.2.9The Lungs 1.2.10End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System 1.2.11Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System 1.2.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pathway of Blood 1.2.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Output

1.3

Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise

1.3.1Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration 1.3.2Recovering After Exercise 1.3.3Treatments for Recovery 1.3.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic

1.4

Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.1Short-Term Effects of Exercise 1.4.2Long-Term Effects of Exercise

2

Movement Analysis

2.1

Lever Systems

2.1.1Lever Systems 2.1.2Mechanical Advantage 2.1.3Basic Sporting Movements 2.1.4Basic Sporting Movements 2 2.1.5Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Lever Systems

2.2

Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.1Planes & Axes of Movement 2.2.2End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis 2.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Movement 2.2.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Planes vs Axes

3

Physical Training

3.1

Health & Fitness

3.1.1Health & Fitness

3.2

The Components of Fitness

3.2.1The Components of Fitness 3.2.2Sports & Fitness 3.2.3Fitness Testing 3.2.4Measuring Agility & Balance 3.2.5Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination 3.2.6Measuring Endurance & Power 3.2.7Measuring Reaction Time & Strength 3.2.8Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility 3.2.9End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness 3.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests

4

The Principles of Training

4.1

Principles of Training

4.1.1Principles & Circuit Training 4.1.2Continuous & Fartlek Training 4.1.3Plyometric & Static Training 4.1.4Weight & Interval Training 4.1.5Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Training

4.2

Optimising Training

4.2.1Optimising Training 4.2.2Altitude & Seasonal Training 4.2.3Warming Up 4.2.4Cooling Down 4.2.5End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation 4.2.6Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness

5

Using Data

5.1

Types of Data

5.1.1Quantitative Data 5.1.2Qualitative Data

5.2

Data Presentation & Analysis

5.2.1Data Presentation & Analysis

6

Sports Psychology

6.1

Skills

6.1.1Skills 6.1.2Skills 2 6.1.3Goals & Targets 6.1.4Skills HyperLearning

6.2

Feedback & Preparation

6.2.1Information Processing 6.2.2Guidance 6.2.3Guidance 2 6.2.4Feedback 6.2.5Mental Preparation 6.2.6Controlling & Optimising Arousal 6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance

6.3

Personality & Behaviour

6.3.1Aggression 6.3.2Motivation 6.3.3Personality Types 6.3.4End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology 6.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation 6.3.6Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aggression

7

Socio-cultural Influences

7.1

Engagement Patterns of Different Social Groups

7.1.1Engagement - Gender 7.1.2Engagement - Ethnicity 7.1.3Engagement - Age & Family 7.1.4Engagement - Disability

7.2

Commercialisation

7.2.1Media 7.2.2Commercialisation 7.2.3Commercialisation 2 7.2.4Sponsorship 7.2.5Arguments for Sponsorship 7.2.6Impact of Sponsorship 7.2.7End of Topic Test - Engagement & Commercialisation 7.2.8Exam-Style Questions - Commercialisation & Conduct

7.3

Ethical & Socio-cultural Issues

7.3.1Impact of Technology on Performers 7.3.2Impact of Technology on Performers 2 7.3.3Impact of Technology on Sport 7.3.4Impact of Technology on Sport 2 7.3.5Sporting Conduct & Banned Substances 7.3.6Blood Doping 7.3.7Drug Restrictions 7.3.8Drug Restrictions 2 7.3.9Spectator Behaviour 7.3.10End of Topic Test - Ethical Issues 7.3.11Exam-Style Questions - Performance Enhancing Drugs 7.3.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conduct in Sport

8

Health & Fitness

8.1

Overview of Health

8.1.1Well-Being & Fitness 8.1.2Types of Health

8.2

Sedentary Lifestyles

8.2.1Sedentary Lifestyle 8.2.2Obesity & Performance 8.2.3Somatotypes 8.2.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Somatypes

8.3

Nutrition & Hydration

8.3.1Nutrition 8.3.2Nutrition 2 8.3.3Hydration 8.3.4End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness 8.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration

Practice questions on The Lungs

Can you answer these? Test yourself with free interactive practice on Seneca — used by over 10 million students.

1
Which of the following is NOT a volume found on a spirometer trace?Multiple choice
2
Types of lung volume found on spirometer tracesFill in the list
3
What do we call the reading showing breathing volume made by a spirometer?Multiple choice
4
How does a spirometer trace change during exercise?True / false
5
Which spirometer reading would show higher peaks and lower troughs?Multiple choice

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The Mechanics of Breathing 2

End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System