Joints 2

Ball and Socket Joints

Ball and socket joints are an important type of freely movable joint. A ball and socket joint looks exactly like a ball fitting into a cup. It can move freely in all directions. This type of joint is located in the shoulder and the hip:

Shoulder

The ball and socket joint here is made up of the humerus (bone in the upper arm), scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbone).
Lets a person move their arm in all directions.
Can be used to perform a serve in tennis.

Illustrative background for Hip ?? "content

Hip

The ball and socket joint here are made up of the femur (thigh bone) and pelvis.
Lets a person move their leg in all directions.
Can be used to perform a lay-up in basketball.

Joint Movements

Joints can move in several different ways.

Flexion

This is a movement where the angle of the joint decreases.
- Flexion of the elbow = bending the elbow.
- Flexion of the knee = bending the knee.
- Flexion of the hip = raising your knee out in front of you.
- Flexion of the shoulder = raising your arm out in front of you.

Extension

This is a movement where the angle of the joint increases.
- Extension of the elbow = straightening the elbow.
- Extension of the knee = straightening the knee.
- Extension of the hip = pushing your heel back behind you.
- Extension of the shoulder = pushing your arm back behind you.

Abduction

This is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
- Abduction of the shoulder = raising your arm out to the side.
- Abduction of the hip = raising your leg out to the side.
- Abduction = take away.

Adduction

This is the movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.
- Adduction of the shoulder = bringing your arm down to your side.
- Adduction of the hip = bringing your leg down towards your opposing leg.

Rotation

This is turning a limb around its axis.
- Rotation of the shoulder = forming a circular motion with the arm (as you would when performing a serve in tennis).
- Rotation in the case of a ball and socket joint is known as circumduction.

Plantar flexion

Movement in the ankle that causes the toes to point towards the ground.
- Plantar flexion = pointed toe.

Dorsiflexion

Movement in the ankle that causes the toes to point upwards.

1Applied Anatomy & Physiology

1.1The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.1Musculoskeletal Structure

1.1.2Structure of the Skeleton

1.1.3Functions of the Skeleton

1.1.4Joints

1.1.5Joints 2

1.1.6Antagonistic Muscle Movement

1.1.7End of Topic Test - The Musculoskeletal System

1.1.8Exam-Style Questions - Musculoskeletal System

1.2The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.1Pathway of Air

1.2.2Blood Vessels

1.2.3Blood Vessels 2

1.2.4Structure of the Heart

1.2.5Cardiac Cycle

1.2.6Measures of Heart Performance

1.2.7The Mechanics of Breathing

1.2.8The Mechanics of Breathing 2

1.2.9The Lungs

1.2.10End of Topic Test - The Cardio-Respiratory System

1.2.11Exam-Style Questions - Cardio-Respiratory System

1.3Anaerobic & Aerobic Exercise

1.3.1Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration

1.3.2Recovering After Exercise

1.3.3Treatments for Recovery

1.4Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.1Short-Term Effects of Exercise

1.4.2Long-Term Effects of Exercise

2Movement Analysis

2.1Lever Systems

2.1.1Lever Systems

2.1.2Mechanical Advantage

2.1.3Basic Sporting Movements

2.1.4Basic Sporting Movements 2

2.2Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.1Planes & Axes of Movement

2.2.2End of Topic Test - Movement Analysis

2.2.3Exam-Style Questions - Movement

3Physical Training

3.1Health & Fitness

3.1.1Health & Fitness

3.2The Components of Fitness

3.2.1The Components of Fitness

3.2.2Sports & Fitness

3.2.3Fitness Testing

3.2.4Measuring Agility & Balance

3.2.5Measuring Cardiovascular & Coordination

3.2.6Measuring Endurance & Power

3.2.7Measuring Reaction Time & Strength

3.2.8Measuring Strength, Speed & Flexibility

3.2.9End of Topic Test - The Components of Fitness

3.2.10Exam-Style Questions - Fitness Tests

4The Principles of Training

4.1Principles of Training

4.1.1Principles & Circuit Training

4.1.2Continuous & Fartlek Training

4.1.3Plyometric & Static Training

4.1.4Weight & Interval Training

4.2Optimising Training

4.2.1Optimising Training

4.2.2Altitude & Seasonal Training

4.2.3Warming Up

4.2.4Cooling Down

4.2.5End of Topic Test - Principles & Optimisation

4.2.6Exam-Style Questions - Sport-Specific Fitness

5Using Data

5.1Types of Data

5.1.1Quantitative Data

5.1.2Qualitative Data

5.2Data Presentation & Analysis

5.2.1Data Presentation & Analysis

6Sports Psychology

6.1Skills

6.1.1Skills

6.1.2Skills 2

6.1.3Goals & Targets

6.1.4Skills HyperLearning

6.2Feedback & Preparation

6.2.1Information Processing

6.2.2Guidance

6.2.3Guidance 2

6.2.4Feedback

6.2.5Mental Preparation

6.2.6Controlling & Optimising Arousal

6.2.7Exam-Style Questions - Skills & Guidance

6.3Personality & Behaviour

6.3.1Aggression

6.3.2Motivation

6.3.3Personality Types

6.3.4End of Topic Test - Sports Psychology

6.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Aggression & Motivation

7Socio-cultural Influences

8Health & Fitness

8.1Overview of Health

8.1.1Well-Being & Fitness

8.1.2Types of Health

8.2Sedentary Lifestyles

8.2.1Sedentary Lifestyle

8.2.2Obesity & Performance

8.2.3Somatotypes

8.3Nutrition & Hydration

8.3.1Nutrition

8.3.2Nutrition 2

8.3.3Hydration

8.3.4End of Topic Test - Health & Fitness

8.3.5Exam-Style Questions - Nutrition & Hydration

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