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  1. Revision notes
  2. GCSE
  3. Biology
  4. AQA
  5. Higher
  6. Grade 9 - Monoclonal Antibodies

Grade 9 - Monoclonal Antibodies

Biology: AQA GCSE Higher, topic 3.2.4

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  • Infliximab is most likely to be useful in the treatment of which of the following conditions?

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Previous topic3.2.3 Uses of Monoclonal AntibodiesNext topic3.3.1 Ion Deficiencies in Plants

Biology: AQA GCSE Higher contents

  1. 1 Cell Biology

    • 1.1 What's in Cells?

      • 1.1.1 Types of Cells
      • 1.1.2 Properties of Prokaryotes
      • 1.1.3 Orders of Magnitude
      • 1.1.4 Standard Form
      • 1.1.5 Standard Form - Calculations
      • 1.1.6 Addition in Standard Form - Calculations
      • 1.1.7 Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations
      • 1.1.8 Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations
      • 1.1.9 Division in Standard Form - Calculations
      • 1.1.10 Animal Cells
      • 1.1.11 Plant Cells
      • 1.1.12 Differentiation in Plants & Animals
      • 1.1.13 Bacterial Cells
      • 1.1.14 Types of Cells HyperLearning
      • 1.1.15 Cell Specialisation in Animals
      • 1.1.16 Sperm Cells
      • 1.1.17 Nerve Cells
      • 1.1.18 Muscle Cells
      • 1.1.19 Cell Specialisation in Plants - Root Hair Cells
      • 1.1.20 Cell Specialisation in Plants - Xylem
      • 1.1.21 Cell Specialisation in Plants - Phloem
      • 1.1.22 Microscopy
      • 1.1.23 Magnification
      • 1.1.24 Developments in Microscopy
      • 1.1.25 Required Practical - Microscopy
      • 1.1.26 Microscopy - Calculations
      • 1.1.27 Culturing Microorganisms
      • 1.1.28 Contamination
      • 1.1.29 Avoiding Contamination
      • 1.1.30 Calculating Bacteria
      • 1.1.31 Calculating Bacteria - Calculations
      • 1.1.32 Required Practical - Bacteria
      • 1.1.33 Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy
      • 1.1.34 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting
      • 1.1.35 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Animal Cells
      • 1.1.36 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mitochondria
      • 1.1.37 End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?
    • 1.2 Cell Division

      • 1.2.1 Chromosomes
      • 1.2.2 The Cell Cycle
      • 1.2.3 Mitosis
      • 1.2.4 Stem Cells
      • 1.2.5 Use of Stem Cells
      • 1.2.6 Disadvantages of Stem Cells
      • 1.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - Mitosis & Cell Cycle
      • 1.2.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mitosis
    • 1.3 Transport in Cells

      • 1.3.1 Diffusion
      • 1.3.2 Factors Affecting Diffusion
      • 1.3.3 Surface Area : Volume
      • 1.3.4 Surface Area : Volume - Calculations
      • 1.3.5 Exchange Surfaces
      • 1.3.6 Examples of Exchange Surfaces
      • 1.3.7 Osmosis
      • 1.3.8 Osmosis 2
      • 1.3.9 Required Practical - Osmosis in Plant Tissue
      • 1.3.10 Active Transport
      • 1.3.11 Transport in Cells
      • 1.3.12 Grade 9 - Cell Transport
      • 1.3.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Water Moving
      • 1.3.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Active Transport
      • 1.3.15 End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport
  2. 2 Organisation

    • 2.1 Principles of Organisation

      • 2.1.1 Cells & Tissues
      • 2.1.2 Organs
      • 2.1.3 Organ Systems
      • 2.1.4 Organisms
    • 2.2 Enzymes

      • 2.2.1 Enzymes
      • 2.2.2 Enzymes HyperFlashcards
      • 2.2.3 Rate of Reaction
      • 2.2.4 Calculating Rate of Reaction
      • 2.2.5 Rate of Reaction - Calculations
      • 2.2.6 Digestion
      • 2.2.7 Bile
      • 2.2.8 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase
      • 2.2.9 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease
      • 2.2.10 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase
      • 2.2.11 Testing for Biological Molecules
      • 2.2.12 Required Practical - Testing for Food Chemicals
      • 2.2.13 Required Practical - Enzymes
      • 2.2.14 Grade 9 - Enzymes
      • 2.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes
      • 2.2.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - High Temperatures
      • 2.2.17 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Low Temperatures
      • 2.2.18 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Stomach Acid
      • 2.2.19 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Substrate Shape
      • 2.2.20 End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes
    • 2.3 Circulatory System

      • 2.3.1 Types of Blood Vessels
      • 2.3.2 Blood Vessels - Arteries
      • 2.3.3 Blood Vessels - Capillaries
      • 2.3.4 Blood Vessels - Veins
      • 2.3.5 The Heart - Structure
      • 2.3.6 The Heart - Function
      • 2.3.7 Important Blood Vessels
      • 2.3.8 Double Circulatory System
      • 2.3.9 Gas Exchange
      • 2.3.10 Gas Exchange - Calculations
      • 2.3.11 Alveoli
      • 2.3.12 Blood Components
      • 2.3.13 Platelets
      • 2.3.14 Red Blood Cells
      • 2.3.15 White Blood Cells
      • 2.3.16 End of Topic Test - Circulatory System
    • 2.4 Non-Communicable Diseases

      • 2.4.1 Health Issues
      • 2.4.2 Disease Interactions
      • 2.4.3 Sampling
      • 2.4.4 Sampling - Calculations
      • 2.4.5 Risk Factors
      • 2.4.6 Examples of Risk Factors
      • 2.4.7 Risk Factor Graphs
      • 2.4.8 Coronary Heart Disease
      • 2.4.9 Heart Valve Disease
      • 2.4.10 Heart Failure
      • 2.4.11 Treating Heart Disease
      • 2.4.12 Comparing Treatments of Heart Disease
      • 2.4.13 Cancer
      • 2.4.14 Cancer Risk Factors
      • 2.4.15 End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases
      • 2.4.16 Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease
    • 2.5 Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems

      • 2.5.1 Plant Organs
      • 2.5.2 Leaves
      • 2.5.3 Transpiration
      • 2.5.4 Rate of Transpiration
      • 2.5.5 Measuring Transpiration
      • 2.5.6 Translocation
      • 2.5.7 Transpiration Tissues - Xylem Cells
      • 2.5.8 Transpiration Tissues - Root Hair Cells
      • 2.5.9 Stomata
      • 2.5.10 States of Stomata
      • 2.5.11 Premium Knowledge - Transpiration
      • 2.5.12 End of Topic Test - Plants
      • 2.5.13 Exam-Style Questions - Plant Tissues
      • 2.5.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plant Food
      • 2.5.15 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants & Water
      • 2.5.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants Don't Breathe
  3. 3 Infection & Response

    • 3.1 Communicable Disease

      • 3.1.1 Spreading Disease
      • 3.1.2 Causing Diseases
      • 3.1.3 Preventing Infection
      • 3.1.4 Communicable Disease - Viruses
      • 3.1.5 Examples of Viruses
      • 3.1.6 Communicable Disease - Bacteria
      • 3.1.7 Communicable Disease - Fungi
      • 3.1.8 Communicable Disease - Protists
      • 3.1.9 Human Defence Systems - Non-Specific Defences
      • 3.1.10 Human Defence Systems - Immune Systems
      • 3.1.11 Antibodies
      • 3.1.12 Vaccinations
      • 3.1.13 The Immune System
      • 3.1.14 The Immune System 2
      • 3.1.15 Antibiotics
      • 3.1.16 Antibiotic Resistance
      • 3.1.17 Antibiotic Resistance 2
      • 3.1.18 Drug Discovery
      • 3.1.19 Developing New Drugs
      • 3.1.20 Drug Testing
      • 3.1.21 Drug Testing in Laboratories
      • 3.1.22 Double-Blind Trials
      • 3.1.23 Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations
      • 3.1.24 End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases
      • 3.1.25 Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease
      • 3.1.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Antibiotics
    • 3.2 Monoclonal Antibodies

      • 3.2.1 Monoclonal Antibodies
      • 3.2.2 Producing Monoclonal Antibodies
      • 3.2.3 Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
      • 3.2.4 Grade 9 - Monoclonal Antibodies
    • 3.3 Plant Diseases

      • 3.3.1 Ion Deficiencies in Plants
      • 3.3.2 Plant Defences
      • 3.3.3 Signs of Plant Disease
      • 3.3.4 Identifying Disease
      • 3.3.5 Other Plant Diseases
      • 3.3.6 End of Topic Test - Antibodies & Plant Disease
  4. 4 Bioenergetics

    • 4.1 Photosynthesis

      • 4.1.1 Photosynthesis
      • 4.1.2 Photosynthesis Equation
      • 4.1.3 Rate of Photosynthesis
      • 4.1.4 Limiting Factors
      • 4.1.5 Photosynthesis in Farming
      • 4.1.6 Uses of Glucose
      • 4.1.7 Photosynthesis - Calculations
      • 4.1.8 Required Practical - Light Intensity
      • 4.1.9 Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment
      • 4.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis
      • 4.1.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Photosynthesis
      • 4.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants Respiration
    • 4.2 Respiration

      • 4.2.1 Organisms and Energy
      • 4.2.2 Respiration
      • 4.2.3 Metabolism
      • 4.2.4 Respiration - Calculations
      • 4.2.5 Respiration During Exercise
      • 4.2.6 Oxygen Debt
      • 4.2.7 Respiration HyperLearning
      • 4.2.8 End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis and Respiration
      • 4.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Anaerobic Respiration
  5. 5 Homeostasis & Response

    • 5.1 Homeostasis

      • 5.1.1 Homeostasis
      • 5.1.2 Regulating Internal Conditions
      • 5.1.3 Homeostasis & Negative Feedback
      • 5.1.4 The Body's Negative Feedback Loop
      • 5.1.5 Exam-Style Questions - Exercise & Homeostasis
    • 5.2 The Human Nervous System

      • 5.2.1 The Nervous System
      • 5.2.2 The Nervous System HyperFlashcards
      • 5.2.3 Synapses
      • 5.2.4 Reflexes
      • 5.2.5 Components of a Reflex Arc
      • 5.2.6 Required Practical - Human Reaction Times
      • 5.2.7 The Brain
      • 5.2.8 Parts of the Brain
      • 5.2.9 The Brain: Neuro Techniques
      • 5.2.10 Retina Scanning
      • 5.2.11 Eye Anatomy
      • 5.2.12 Eye Function - Focus
      • 5.2.13 Eye Function - Light
      • 5.2.14 Eye Defects
      • 5.2.15 Thermoregulation
      • 5.2.16 Hot & Cold
      • 5.2.17 Thermoregulation - Sweating & Shivering
      • 5.2.18 Thermoregulation - Body Hair
      • 5.2.19 Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels
      • 5.2.20 Body Temperature HyperLearning
      • 5.2.21 End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System
      • 5.2.22 Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System
      • 5.2.23 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Nervous System
    • 5.3 Hormonal Coordination in Humans

      • 5.3.1 Endocrine Glands
      • 5.3.2 The Endocrine System
      • 5.3.3 Thyroxine
      • 5.3.4 Adrenaline
      • 5.3.5 Blood Glucose
      • 5.3.6 Detecting Glucose
      • 5.3.7 Diabetes
      • 5.3.8 Type 1 Diabetes
      • 5.3.9 Type 2 Diabetes
      • 5.3.10 Water Balance
      • 5.3.11 Kidneys
      • 5.3.12 Urea
      • 5.3.13 Urine Production
      • 5.3.14 Urine
      • 5.3.15 Dialysis
      • 5.3.16 Dialysis - Pros & Cons
      • 5.3.17 Transplants
      • 5.3.18 Transplants - Pros & Cons
      • 5.3.19 Puberty
      • 5.3.20 Menstruation
      • 5.3.21 Menstrual Hormones
      • 5.3.22 Menstrual Cycle
      • 5.3.23 Contraception - 'Natural Methods'
      • 5.3.24 Contraception - Sterilisation
      • 5.3.25 Contraception - Condoms
      • 5.3.26 Contraception - The Pill
      • 5.3.27 Contraception - Diaphragm & IUDs
      • 5.3.28 Contraception - Other Options
      • 5.3.29 Hormones for Infertility
      • 5.3.30 In Vitro Fertilisation
      • 5.3.31 Fertility Treatments - Pros & Cons
      • 5.3.32 End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones
      • 5.3.33 Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
      • 5.3.34 Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
    • 5.4 Plant Hormones

      • 5.4.1 Plant Hormones
      • 5.4.2 Types of Tropisms
      • 5.4.3 Auxins & Tropisms
      • 5.4.4 Effect of Light on Seedlings
      • 5.4.5 Required Practical - Light or Gravity on Seedlings
      • 5.4.6 Uses of Plant Hormones
      • 5.4.7 End of Topic Test - Hormones
  6. 6 Inheritance, Variation & Evolution

    • 6.1 Reproduction

      • 6.1.1 Cell Division
      • 6.1.2 Meiosis
      • 6.1.3 Sexual Reproduction
      • 6.1.4 Asexual Reproduction
      • 6.1.5 Sexual Reproduction Advantages
      • 6.1.6 Asexual Reproduction Advantages
      • 6.1.7 Genome
      • 6.1.8 Genome - Diagram
      • 6.1.9 Genome Sequencing
      • 6.1.10 Nucleotide
      • 6.1.11 DNA Structure
      • 6.1.12 Protein Synthesis
      • 6.1.13 Protein Synthesis 2
      • 6.1.14 Mutations
      • 6.1.15 Alleles
      • 6.1.16 Genotype vs Phenotype
      • 6.1.17 Punnett Squares
      • 6.1.18 Punnett Squares 2
      • 6.1.19 Inherited Disorders
      • 6.1.20 Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square
      • 6.1.21 Family Trees
      • 6.1.22 Polydactyly
      • 6.1.23 Genetic Crosses - Calculations
      • 6.1.24 Genome Screening
      • 6.1.25 Disadvantages of Embryonic Screening
      • 6.1.26 Sex Determination
      • 6.1.27 End of Topic Test - Reproduction
      • 6.1.28 Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics
      • 6.1.29 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mutations
      • 6.1.30 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Chromosomes
      • 6.1.31 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Genes & Alleles
    • 6.2 Variation & Evolution

      • 6.2.1 Variation
      • 6.2.2 Evolution & Speciation
      • 6.2.3 Natural Selection
      • 6.2.4 Selective Breeding
      • 6.2.5 Selective Breeding 2
      • 6.2.6 Uses of Selective Breeding
      • 6.2.7 Dangers of Selective Breeding
      • 6.2.8 Genetic Engineering
      • 6.2.9 Genetic Engineering 2
      • 6.2.10 Uses of Genetic Modification
      • 6.2.11 Advantages of Genetic Modification
      • 6.2.12 Disadvantages of Genetic Modification
      • 6.2.13 Cloning
      • 6.2.14 Cloning Plants
      • 6.2.15 Cloning Animals
      • 6.2.16 Adult Cell Cloning
      • 6.2.17 End of Topic Test - Variation & Evolution
      • 6.2.18 Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding
    • 6.3 Genetics & Evolution

      • 6.3.1 Natural Selection
      • 6.3.2 Controversy Around Natural Selection
      • 6.3.3 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
      • 6.3.4 Inheritance Theory
      • 6.3.5 Speciation
      • 6.3.6 Alfred Russel Wallace
      • 6.3.7 Evidence for Evolution
      • 6.3.8 Fossils
      • 6.3.9 Resistant Bacteria
      • 6.3.10 Genetics
      • 6.3.11 Extinctions
      • 6.3.12 Grade 9 - Evolution
      • 6.3.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Natural Selection
    • 6.4 Classification

      • 6.4.1 Classification of Living Organisms
      • 6.4.2 Traditional System
      • 6.4.3 Classification of Living Organisms: Updated System
      • 6.4.4 Evolutionary Trees
      • 6.4.5 End of Topic Test - Genetics & Classification
  7. 7 Ecology

    • 7.1 Adaptations & Interdependence

      • 7.1.1 Communities: Ecosystems
      • 7.1.2 Communities: Resources
      • 7.1.3 Species Interdependence
      • 7.1.4 Stable Communities
    • 7.2 Organisation of Ecosystems

      • 7.2.1 Population Dynamics
      • 7.2.2 Predator-Prey Graphs
      • 7.2.3 Impact of Environmental Change
      • 7.2.4 Causes of Environmental Change
      • 7.2.5 Assessing Ecosystems
      • 7.2.6 Organism Abundance
      • 7.2.7 Required Practical - Population Size
      • 7.2.8 Assessing Ecosystems - Calculations
      • 7.2.9 The Carbon Cycle
      • 7.2.10 The Water Cycle
      • 7.2.11 The Cycling of Materials
      • 7.2.12 Decay
      • 7.2.13 Anaerobic Decay
      • 7.2.14 Biogas Generators
      • 7.2.15 Required Practical - Decay
      • 7.2.16 End of Topic Test - Organisation of Ecosystems
      • 7.2.17 Grade 9 - Ecosystems
      • 7.2.18 Exam-Style Questions - Decomposition
    • 7.3 Biodiversity

      • 7.3.1 Humans & Biodiversity
      • 7.3.2 Waste Management
      • 7.3.3 Human Activities
      • 7.3.4 Land Use
      • 7.3.5 Deforestation
      • 7.3.6 Carbon Dioxide
      • 7.3.7 The Greenhouse Effect
      • 7.3.8 Global Warming
      • 7.3.9 Maintaining Biodiversity
      • 7.3.10 End of Topic Test - Adaptations & Biodiversity
    • 7.4 Trophic Levels

      • 7.4.1 Trophic Levels
      • 7.4.2 Trophic Levels: Food Chains
      • 7.4.3 Trophic Levels: Decomposers
      • 7.4.4 Pyramids of Biomass
      • 7.4.5 Transfer Efficiency
      • 7.4.6 Reasons for Energy Wastage
      • 7.4.7 Transfer Efficiency - Calculations
      • 7.4.8 Premium Knowledge - Trophic Levels & Food Chains
      • 7.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Food Chains
      • 7.4.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Arrows
    • 7.5 Food Production

      • 7.5.1 Food Security
      • 7.5.2 Food Production: Biotechnology
      • 7.5.3 Declining Fish Stock
      • 7.5.4 Sustainable Fishing
      • 7.5.5 Farming
      • 7.5.6 Food Production - Calculations
      • 7.5.7 End of Topic Test - Food & Trophic Levels

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