Biology: AQA GCSE Higher revision notes
1 Cell Biology
1.1 What's in Cells?
- 1.1.1 Types of Cells
- 1.1.2 Properties of Prokaryotes
- 1.1.3 Orders of Magnitude
- 1.1.4 Standard Form
- 1.1.5 Standard Form - Calculations
- 1.1.6 Addition in Standard Form - Calculations
- 1.1.7 Subtraction in Standard Form - Calculations
- 1.1.8 Multiplication in Standard Form - Calculations
- 1.1.9 Division in Standard Form - Calculations
- 1.1.10 Animal Cells
- 1.1.11 Plant Cells
- 1.1.12 Differentiation in Plants & Animals
- 1.1.13 Bacterial Cells
- 1.1.14 Types of Cells HyperLearning
- 1.1.15 Cell Specialisation in Animals
- 1.1.16 Sperm Cells
- 1.1.17 Nerve Cells
- 1.1.18 Muscle Cells
- 1.1.19 Cell Specialisation in Plants - Root Hair Cells
- 1.1.20 Cell Specialisation in Plants - Xylem
- 1.1.21 Cell Specialisation in Plants - Phloem
- 1.1.22 Microscopy
- 1.1.23 Magnification
- 1.1.24 Developments in Microscopy
- 1.1.25 Required Practical - Microscopy
- 1.1.26 Microscopy - Calculations
- 1.1.27 Culturing Microorganisms
- 1.1.28 Contamination
- 1.1.29 Avoiding Contamination
- 1.1.30 Calculating Bacteria
- 1.1.31 Calculating Bacteria - Calculations
- 1.1.32 Required Practical - Bacteria
- 1.1.33 Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy
- 1.1.34 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting
- 1.1.35 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Animal Cells
- 1.1.36 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mitochondria
- 1.1.37 End of Topic Test - What's in Cells?
1.3 Transport in Cells
- 1.3.1 Diffusion
- 1.3.2 Factors Affecting Diffusion
- 1.3.3 Surface Area : Volume
- 1.3.4 Surface Area : Volume - Calculations
- 1.3.5 Exchange Surfaces
- 1.3.6 Examples of Exchange Surfaces
- 1.3.7 Osmosis
- 1.3.8 Osmosis 2
- 1.3.9 Required Practical - Osmosis in Plant Tissue
- 1.3.10 Active Transport
- 1.3.11 Transport in Cells
- 1.3.12 Grade 9 - Cell Transport
- 1.3.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Water Moving
- 1.3.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Active Transport
- 1.3.15 End of Topic Test - Cell Division & Transport
2 Organisation
2.1 Principles of Organisation
2.2 Enzymes
- 2.2.1 Enzymes
- 2.2.2 Enzymes HyperFlashcards
- 2.2.3 Rate of Reaction
- 2.2.4 Calculating Rate of Reaction
- 2.2.5 Rate of Reaction - Calculations
- 2.2.6 Digestion
- 2.2.7 Bile
- 2.2.8 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylase
- 2.2.9 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Protease
- 2.2.10 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipase
- 2.2.11 Testing for Biological Molecules
- 2.2.12 Required Practical - Testing for Food Chemicals
- 2.2.13 Required Practical - Enzymes
- 2.2.14 Grade 9 - Enzymes
- 2.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Enzymes
- 2.2.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - High Temperatures
- 2.2.17 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Low Temperatures
- 2.2.18 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Stomach Acid
- 2.2.19 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Substrate Shape
- 2.2.20 End of Topic Test - Organisation & Enzymes
2.3 Circulatory System
- 2.3.1 Types of Blood Vessels
- 2.3.2 Blood Vessels - Arteries
- 2.3.3 Blood Vessels - Capillaries
- 2.3.4 Blood Vessels - Veins
- 2.3.5 The Heart - Structure
- 2.3.6 The Heart - Function
- 2.3.7 Important Blood Vessels
- 2.3.8 Double Circulatory System
- 2.3.9 Gas Exchange
- 2.3.10 Gas Exchange - Calculations
- 2.3.11 Alveoli
- 2.3.12 Blood Components
- 2.3.13 Platelets
- 2.3.14 Red Blood Cells
- 2.3.15 White Blood Cells
- 2.3.16 End of Topic Test - Circulatory System
2.4 Non-Communicable Diseases
- 2.4.1 Health Issues
- 2.4.2 Disease Interactions
- 2.4.3 Sampling
- 2.4.4 Sampling - Calculations
- 2.4.5 Risk Factors
- 2.4.6 Examples of Risk Factors
- 2.4.7 Risk Factor Graphs
- 2.4.8 Coronary Heart Disease
- 2.4.9 Heart Valve Disease
- 2.4.10 Heart Failure
- 2.4.11 Treating Heart Disease
- 2.4.12 Comparing Treatments of Heart Disease
- 2.4.13 Cancer
- 2.4.14 Cancer Risk Factors
- 2.4.15 End of Topic Test - Non-Communicable Diseases
- 2.4.16 Exam-Style Questions - Coronary Heart Disease
2.5 Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems
- 2.5.1 Plant Organs
- 2.5.2 Leaves
- 2.5.3 Transpiration
- 2.5.4 Rate of Transpiration
- 2.5.5 Measuring Transpiration
- 2.5.6 Translocation
- 2.5.7 Transpiration Tissues - Xylem Cells
- 2.5.8 Transpiration Tissues - Root Hair Cells
- 2.5.9 Stomata
- 2.5.10 States of Stomata
- 2.5.11 Premium Knowledge - Transpiration
- 2.5.12 End of Topic Test - Plants
- 2.5.13 Exam-Style Questions - Plant Tissues
- 2.5.14 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plant Food
- 2.5.15 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants & Water
- 2.5.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants Don't Breathe
3 Infection & Response
3.1 Communicable Disease
- 3.1.1 Spreading Disease
- 3.1.2 Causing Diseases
- 3.1.3 Preventing Infection
- 3.1.4 Communicable Disease - Viruses
- 3.1.5 Examples of Viruses
- 3.1.6 Communicable Disease - Bacteria
- 3.1.7 Communicable Disease - Fungi
- 3.1.8 Communicable Disease - Protists
- 3.1.9 Human Defence Systems - Non-Specific Defences
- 3.1.10 Human Defence Systems - Immune Systems
- 3.1.11 Antibodies
- 3.1.12 Vaccinations
- 3.1.13 The Immune System
- 3.1.14 The Immune System 2
- 3.1.15 Antibiotics
- 3.1.16 Antibiotic Resistance
- 3.1.17 Antibiotic Resistance 2
- 3.1.18 Drug Discovery
- 3.1.19 Developing New Drugs
- 3.1.20 Drug Testing
- 3.1.21 Drug Testing in Laboratories
- 3.1.22 Double-Blind Trials
- 3.1.23 Drug Testing / Efficacy - Calculations
- 3.1.24 End of Topic Test - Communicable Diseases
- 3.1.25 Exam-Style Questions - Microorganisms & Disease
- 3.1.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Antibiotics
4 Bioenergetics
4.1 Photosynthesis
- 4.1.1 Photosynthesis
- 4.1.2 Photosynthesis Equation
- 4.1.3 Rate of Photosynthesis
- 4.1.4 Limiting Factors
- 4.1.5 Photosynthesis in Farming
- 4.1.6 Uses of Glucose
- 4.1.7 Photosynthesis - Calculations
- 4.1.8 Required Practical - Light Intensity
- 4.1.9 Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment
- 4.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Rate of Photosynthesis
- 4.1.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Photosynthesis
- 4.1.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plants Respiration
5 Homeostasis & Response
5.2 The Human Nervous System
- 5.2.1 The Nervous System
- 5.2.2 The Nervous System HyperFlashcards
- 5.2.3 Synapses
- 5.2.4 Reflexes
- 5.2.5 Components of a Reflex Arc
- 5.2.6 Required Practical - Human Reaction Times
- 5.2.7 The Brain
- 5.2.8 Parts of the Brain
- 5.2.9 The Brain: Neuro Techniques
- 5.2.10 Retina Scanning
- 5.2.11 Eye Anatomy
- 5.2.12 Eye Function - Focus
- 5.2.13 Eye Function - Light
- 5.2.14 Eye Defects
- 5.2.15 Thermoregulation
- 5.2.16 Hot & Cold
- 5.2.17 Thermoregulation - Sweating & Shivering
- 5.2.18 Thermoregulation - Body Hair
- 5.2.19 Thermoregulation - Blood Vessels
- 5.2.20 Body Temperature HyperLearning
- 5.2.21 End of Topic Test - Human Nervous System
- 5.2.22 Exam-Style Questions - Nervous System
- 5.2.23 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Nervous System
5.3 Hormonal Coordination in Humans
- 5.3.1 Endocrine Glands
- 5.3.2 The Endocrine System
- 5.3.3 Thyroxine
- 5.3.4 Adrenaline
- 5.3.5 Blood Glucose
- 5.3.6 Detecting Glucose
- 5.3.7 Diabetes
- 5.3.8 Type 1 Diabetes
- 5.3.9 Type 2 Diabetes
- 5.3.10 Water Balance
- 5.3.11 Kidneys
- 5.3.12 Urea
- 5.3.13 Urine Production
- 5.3.14 Urine
- 5.3.15 Dialysis
- 5.3.16 Dialysis - Pros & Cons
- 5.3.17 Transplants
- 5.3.18 Transplants - Pros & Cons
- 5.3.19 Puberty
- 5.3.20 Menstruation
- 5.3.21 Menstrual Hormones
- 5.3.22 Menstrual Cycle
- 5.3.23 Contraception - 'Natural Methods'
- 5.3.24 Contraception - Sterilisation
- 5.3.25 Contraception - Condoms
- 5.3.26 Contraception - The Pill
- 5.3.27 Contraception - Diaphragm & IUDs
- 5.3.28 Contraception - Other Options
- 5.3.29 Hormones for Infertility
- 5.3.30 In Vitro Fertilisation
- 5.3.31 Fertility Treatments - Pros & Cons
- 5.3.32 End of Topic Test - Homeostasis & Hormones
- 5.3.33 Grade 9 - Hormonal Coordination
- 5.3.34 Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
6 Inheritance, Variation & Evolution
6.1 Reproduction
- 6.1.1 Cell Division
- 6.1.2 Meiosis
- 6.1.3 Sexual Reproduction
- 6.1.4 Asexual Reproduction
- 6.1.5 Sexual Reproduction Advantages
- 6.1.6 Asexual Reproduction Advantages
- 6.1.7 Genome
- 6.1.8 Genome - Diagram
- 6.1.9 Genome Sequencing
- 6.1.10 Nucleotide
- 6.1.11 DNA Structure
- 6.1.12 Protein Synthesis
- 6.1.13 Protein Synthesis 2
- 6.1.14 Mutations
- 6.1.15 Alleles
- 6.1.16 Genotype vs Phenotype
- 6.1.17 Punnett Squares
- 6.1.18 Punnett Squares 2
- 6.1.19 Inherited Disorders
- 6.1.20 Cystic Fibrosis Punnett Square
- 6.1.21 Family Trees
- 6.1.22 Polydactyly
- 6.1.23 Genetic Crosses - Calculations
- 6.1.24 Genome Screening
- 6.1.25 Disadvantages of Embryonic Screening
- 6.1.26 Sex Determination
- 6.1.27 End of Topic Test - Reproduction
- 6.1.28 Exam-Style Questions - DNA & Genetics
- 6.1.29 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Mutations
- 6.1.30 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Chromosomes
- 6.1.31 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Genes & Alleles
6.2 Variation & Evolution
- 6.2.1 Variation
- 6.2.2 Evolution & Speciation
- 6.2.3 Natural Selection
- 6.2.4 Selective Breeding
- 6.2.5 Selective Breeding 2
- 6.2.6 Uses of Selective Breeding
- 6.2.7 Dangers of Selective Breeding
- 6.2.8 Genetic Engineering
- 6.2.9 Genetic Engineering 2
- 6.2.10 Uses of Genetic Modification
- 6.2.11 Advantages of Genetic Modification
- 6.2.12 Disadvantages of Genetic Modification
- 6.2.13 Cloning
- 6.2.14 Cloning Plants
- 6.2.15 Cloning Animals
- 6.2.16 Adult Cell Cloning
- 6.2.17 End of Topic Test - Variation & Evolution
- 6.2.18 Exam-Style Questions - Selective Breeding
6.3 Genetics & Evolution
- 6.3.1 Natural Selection
- 6.3.2 Controversy Around Natural Selection
- 6.3.3 Darwin's Theory of Evolution
- 6.3.4 Inheritance Theory
- 6.3.5 Speciation
- 6.3.6 Alfred Russel Wallace
- 6.3.7 Evidence for Evolution
- 6.3.8 Fossils
- 6.3.9 Resistant Bacteria
- 6.3.10 Genetics
- 6.3.11 Extinctions
- 6.3.12 Grade 9 - Evolution
- 6.3.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Natural Selection
7 Ecology
7.1 Adaptations & Interdependence
7.2 Organisation of Ecosystems
- 7.2.1 Population Dynamics
- 7.2.2 Predator-Prey Graphs
- 7.2.3 Impact of Environmental Change
- 7.2.4 Causes of Environmental Change
- 7.2.5 Assessing Ecosystems
- 7.2.6 Organism Abundance
- 7.2.7 Required Practical - Population Size
- 7.2.8 Assessing Ecosystems - Calculations
- 7.2.9 The Carbon Cycle
- 7.2.10 The Water Cycle
- 7.2.11 The Cycling of Materials
- 7.2.12 Decay
- 7.2.13 Anaerobic Decay
- 7.2.14 Biogas Generators
- 7.2.15 Required Practical - Decay
- 7.2.16 End of Topic Test - Organisation of Ecosystems
- 7.2.17 Grade 9 - Ecosystems
- 7.2.18 Exam-Style Questions - Decomposition
7.4 Trophic Levels
- 7.4.1 Trophic Levels
- 7.4.2 Trophic Levels: Food Chains
- 7.4.3 Trophic Levels: Decomposers
- 7.4.4 Pyramids of Biomass
- 7.4.5 Transfer Efficiency
- 7.4.6 Reasons for Energy Wastage
- 7.4.7 Transfer Efficiency - Calculations
- 7.4.8 Premium Knowledge - Trophic Levels & Food Chains
- 7.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Food Chains
- 7.4.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Arrows