Ownership

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Ownership: Vertically or Horizontally Integrated

Ownership patterns and structures influence the production, distribution and circulation strategies of the industry.

Ownership patterns

Ownership patterns and structures influence the production, distribution and circulation strategies of the industry.
Traditionally an institution would be any of the following structures:
- Independent, vertically integrated or horizontally integrated.

Vertically integrated

A vertically integrated business owns all of the stages of production.
- E.g. production, distribution and circulation.
Because of this, it means all work can be completed in house, meaning the overall production is cheaper.
As well as this, all profit is maintained by the institution.

Horizontally integrated

A horizontally integrated business means it owns multiple businesses at the same stage of production.
Because of this, they may become specialists in their field and will be able to sell their expertise to other companies at different stages of the production chain.
This means the institution will need to work in synergy with others to pass a product through all stages of production and to make profit.

Working in synergy

When two companies work together to mutually benefit each other it is referred to as working in synergy.
Working in synergy has benefits as it allows institutions to work with specialists, gain funding from other sources or to share resources.
Working in synergy does not mean either company owns the other.
When a company is taken over by another company, this is referred to as a merger.

Ownership: Diagonal and Independent Integration

Diagonal integration means having cross-ownership of a range of mediums and stages of production. In contrast, independent institutions often only owns one stage of production.

Diagonal integration

Due to institutions expanding even further, being diagonally integrated is very common for the largest institutions.
This means they have cross-ownership of a range of mediums and stages of production.

Diversification

Diversification is the process of an institution operating vertically in multiple industries which leads to them becoming diagonally integrated.
As industries become dominated by large institutions, it can lead to less choice in products for audiences, as well as making it harder for independent companies to compete and survive.

Sony and Disney

Sony and Disney are good examples of cross-ownership.
- They own multiple different companies across a range of industries.
  - E.g. TV, Film etc.

Independent institutions

An independent institution means that the stage of production is solely owned by a private company and no one else, including the government.
Often the independent institution only owns one stage of production e.g. production - creation of the product only.
In order to distribute the product the institution will need to work with another company to do this.

1Overview

1.1Media Language

1.1.1Media Language

1.1.2Media Language 2

1.2Audience

1.2.1Audiences

1.2.2Audiences 2

1.2.3End of Topic Test - Media Language & Audience

1.3Representation

1.3.1Stereotypes

1.3.2Gender

1.3.3Audiences

1.4The Media Industry

1.4.1Media Industries

1.4.2Ownership

1.4.3Funding & Regulation

1.4.4End of Topic Test - Representation/Media Industry

2Component 1: Section A

2.1Magazines

2.1.1Magazines

2.1.2Pride

2.1.3Pride 2

2.2GQ

2.2.1Context

2.2.2Narrative

2.2.3Representation

2.3Advertising & Marketing

2.3.1Advertising & Marketing

2.3.2Analysing Adverts

2.3.3Analysing Adverts 2

2.3.4Theories & Principles

2.3.5End of Topic Test - Magazines & Advertising

2.4Print Advertisements

2.4.1Quality Street

2.4.2This Girl Can

2.5Film Posters (Marketing)

2.5.1Spectre

2.5.2The Man with The Golden Gun

2.5.3The Man with The Golden Gun 2

2.6Newspapers

2.6.1Ownership & Regulation

2.6.2News Selection

2.6.3Media Language

2.6.4Genres

2.6.5Newspaper Conventions

2.6.6Representation

2.6.7Audience

2.6.8Theories

2.6.9End of Topic Test - Newspapers

2.7The Sun

2.7.1Context

2.7.2Narrative

2.7.3Language & Images

2.8The Guardian

2.8.1The Guardian

2.8.2Narrative

2.8.3Language & Images

3Component 1: Section B

3.1Video Games

3.1.1Video Games

3.2Film

3.2.1The Big Six

3.2.2Technology

3.2.3End of Topic Test - Video Games & Films

3.3Radio

3.3.1The Radio Industry

3.3.2Categories of Radio Station

3.3.3Technology & Radio Audiences

3.3.4Theories

3.3.5End of Topic Test - Radio

3.4No Time To Die

3.4.1Context

3.4.2Narrative

3.4.3Representation

4Component 2: Section A

5Component 2: Section B

5.1Music Video

5.1.1Music Videos

5.1.2The Music Industry

5.2Michael Jackson

5.2.1‘Black or White’

5.3Taylor Swift

5.3.1Bad Blood

5.3.2Intertextual References

5.3.3Media Theories

5.3.4Representation

5.3.5Social Media

5.4Bruno Mars

5.4.1Uptown Funk

5.4.2Analysis

5.4.3End of Topic Test - Music Videos

5.5Lizzo

5.5.1Context

5.5.2'Good as Hell'

5.5.3Media Language

5.5.4Representation

5.5.5Audience

5.5.6Industry

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