3.3.2

Digestion in Mammals

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a staple in the mammalian diet. The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth and involves the enzyme amylase.

Amylase

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas.
Amylase catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (carbohydrate) into maltose (disaccharide).
Hydrolysis of carbohydrates breaks bonds called glycosidic bonds.

Membrane-bound disaccharidases

Membrane-bound disaccharidases

Membrane-bound disaccharidases are enzymes in the cell membranes of the epithelial cells in the ileum (the small intestine).
Membrane-bound disaccharidases catalyse the hydrolysation of disaccharides (e.g. maltose) into monosaccharides (e.g. glucose).

Transporter proteins

Transporter proteins

Monosaccharides are transported into the epithelial cells in the ileum using transporter proteins.
- Glucose and galactose are transported by co-transporter proteins.
- Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.
Once inside the cells, monosaccharides can be used in respiration.

Lipids

Lipids are a staple in the mammalian diet. Most of the digestion of lipids takes place in the small intestine and involves the enzyme lipase.

Lipase

Lipase

Lipase is an enzyme that is produced by the pancreas and is released into the small intestine.
Lipase hydrolyses lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Hydrolysis of lipids breaks bonds called ester bonds.

Bile salts

Bile salts

Bile salts are produced by the liver.
Bile salts also help digest lipids by forming small lipid droplets called micelles.
The process of forming micelles is called emulsification.
The many micelles have a larger surface area than a single larger micelle. This allows the lipids to be hydrolysed by lipase more quickly.

Micelles

Micelles

The micelles allow the monoglycerides and fatty acids to be absorbed by the epithelial cells in the ileum.
The monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse through the cell surface membrane into the cell cytoplasm.

Proteins

Proteins are a staple in the mammalian diet. Most of the digestion of proteins takes place in the small intestine and involves different enzymes called proteases. Some digestion occurs in the stomach.

Endopeptidases

Endopeptidases

Endopeptidases are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of bonds within a protein to amino acids.
Hydrolysis of proteins breaks bonds called peptide bonds.
Examples of endopeptidases include trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin.
- Trypsin and chymotrypsin are released by the pancreas into the small intestine.
- Pepsin is released into the stomach.

Exopeptidases

Exopeptidases

Exopeptidases are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of peptide bonds at the ends of proteins.
- E.g. Dipeptidases hydrolyse the peptide bond between two amino acids.

Co-transporter proteins

Co-transporter proteins

Amino acids are transported into the epithelial cells in the ileum using co-transporter proteins.

1

Biological Molecules

1.1

Monomers & Polymers

1.1.1Monomers & Polymers 1.1.2Condensation & Hydrolysis Reactions

1.2

Carbohydrates

1.2.1Structure of Carbohydrates 1.2.2Types of Polysaccharides 1.2.3End of Topic Test - Monomers, Polymers and Carbs 1.2.4Exam-Style Question - Carbohydrates 1.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Carbohydrates

1.3

Lipids

1.3.1Triglycerides & Phospholipids 1.3.2Types of Fatty Acids 1.3.3Testing for Lipids 1.3.4Exam-Style Question - Fats 1.3.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Lipids

1.4

Proteins

1.4.1The Peptide Chain 1.4.2Investigating Proteins 1.4.3Primary & Secondary Protein Structure 1.4.4Tertiary & Quaternary Protein Structure 1.4.5Enzymes 1.4.6Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 1.4.7Enzyme-Controlled Reactions 1.4.8End of Topic Test - Lipids & Proteins 1.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Enzymes 1.4.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Proteins 1.4.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Enzyme Inhibitors

1.5

Nucleic Acids

1.5.1DNA & RNA 1.5.2Nucleotides 1.5.3Polynucleotides 1.5.4DNA Replication 1.5.5Exam-Style Question - Nucleic Acids 1.5.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Nucleic Acids

1.6

ATP

1.6.1Structure of ATP 1.6.2Hydrolysis of ATP 1.6.3Resynthesis of ATP 1.6.4End of Topic Test - Nucleic Acids & ATP

1.7

Water

1.7.1Importance of Water 1.7.2Structure of Water 1.7.3Properties of Water 1.7.4A-A* (AO3/4) - Water

1.8

Inorganic Ions

1.8.1Inorganic Ions 1.8.2End of Topic Test - Water & Inorganic Ions

2

Cells

2.1

Cell Structure

2.1.1Introduction to Cells 2.1.2Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles 2.1.3Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles 2 2.1.4Prokaryotes 2.1.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Organelles 2.1.6Methods of Studying Cells 2.1.7Microscopes 2.1.8End of Topic Test - Cell Structure 2.1.9Exam-Style Question - Cells 2.1.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Cells

2.2

Mitosis & Cancer

2.2.1Mitosis 2.2.2Stages of Mitosis 2.2.3Investigating Mitosis 2.2.4Cancer 2.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - The Cell Cycle

2.3

Transport Across Cell Membrane

2.3.1Cell Membrane Structure 2.3.2A-A* (AO3/4) - Membrane Structure 2.3.3Diffusion 2.3.4Osmosis 2.3.5Active Transport 2.3.6End of Topic Test - Mitosis, Cancer & Transport 2.3.7Exam-Style Question - Membranes 2.3.8A-A* (AO3/4) - Membranes & Transport 2.3.9A-A*- Mitosis, Cancer & Transport

2.4

Cell Recognition & the Immune System

2.4.1Immune System 2.4.2Phagocytosis 2.4.3T Lymphocytes 2.4.4B Lymphocytes 2.4.5Antibodies 2.4.6Primary & Secondary Response 2.4.7Vaccines 2.4.8HIV 2.4.9Ethical Issues 2.4.10End of Topic Test - Immune System 2.4.11Exam-Style Question - Immune System 2.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Immune System 2.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Humoral vs Cellular

3

Substance Exchange

3.1

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

3.1.1Size & Surface Area 3.1.2A-A* (AO3/4) - Cell Size

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Single-Celled Organisms 3.2.2Multicellular Organisms 3.2.3Control of Water Loss 3.2.4Human Gas Exchange 3.2.5Ventilation 3.2.6Dissection 3.2.7Measuring Gas Exchange 3.2.8Lung Disease 3.2.9Lung Disease Data 3.2.10End of Topic Test - Gas Exchange 3.2.11A-A* (AO3/4) - Gas Exchange

3.3

Digestion & Absorption

3.3.1Overview of Digestion 3.3.2Digestion in Mammals 3.3.3Absorption 3.3.4End of Topic Test - Substance Exchange & Digestion 3.3.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Substance Ex & Digestion

3.4

Mass Transport

3.4.1Haemoglobin 3.4.2Oxygen Transport 3.4.3The Circulatory System 3.4.4The Heart 3.4.5Blood Vessels 3.4.6Cardiovascular Disease 3.4.7Heart Dissection 3.4.8Xylem 3.4.9Phloem 3.4.10Investigating Plant Transport 3.4.11End of Topic Test - Mass Transport 3.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Mass Transport 3.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentration Gradient 3.4.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Cycle 3.4.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Carrying Capacity 3.4.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Translocation

4

Genetic Information & Variation

4.1

DNA, Genes & Chromosomes

4.1.1DNA 4.1.2Genes 4.1.3Non-Coding Genes 4.1.4The Genetic Code 4.1.5A-A* (AO3/4) - DNA

4.2

DNA & Protein Synthesis

4.2.1Protein Synthesis 4.2.2Transcription & Translation 4.2.3End of Topic Test - DNA, Genes & Protein Synthesis 4.2.4Exam-Style Question - Protein Synthesis 4.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Coronavirus Translation 4.2.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Transcription 4.2.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Translation

4.3

Mutations & Meiosis

4.3.1Mutations 4.3.2Meiosis 4.3.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Meiosis 4.3.4Meiosis vs Mitosis 4.3.5End of Topic Test - Mutations, Meiosis 4.3.6A-A* (AO3/4) - DNA,Genes, CellDiv & ProtSynth 4.3.7Diagnostic Misconceptions - Meiosis vs Mitosis

4.4

Genetic Diversity & Adaptation

4.4.1Genetic Diversity 4.4.2Natural Selection 4.4.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Natural Selection 4.4.4Adaptations 4.4.5Investigating Natural Selection 4.4.6End of Topic Test - Genetic Diversity & Adaptation 4.4.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Genetic Diversity & Adaptation

4.5

Species & Taxonomy

4.5.1Courtship Behaviour 4.5.2Phylogeny 4.5.3Classification 4.5.4DNA Technology 4.5.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Species & Taxonomy

4.6

Biodiversity Within a Community

4.6.1Biodiversity 4.6.2Index of diversity 4.6.3Agriculture 4.6.4End of Topic Test - Species,Taxonomy& Biodiversity 4.6.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Species,Taxon&Biodiversity

4.7

Investigating Diversity

4.7.1Genetic Diversity 4.7.2Quantitative Investigation

5

Energy Transfers (A2 only)

5.1

Photosynthesis

5.1.1Overview of Photosynthesis 5.1.2Photoionisation of Chlorophyll 5.1.3Production of ATP & Reduced NADP 5.1.4Cyclic Photophosphorylation 5.1.5Light-Independent Reaction 5.1.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis Reactions 5.1.7Limiting Factors 5.1.8Photosynthesis Experiments 5.1.9End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis 5.1.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis

5.2

Respiration

5.2.1Overview of Respiration 5.2.2Anaerobic Respiration 5.2.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Anaerobic Respiration 5.2.4The Link Reaction 5.2.5The Krebs Cycle 5.2.6Oxidative Phosphorylation 5.2.7Respiration Experiments 5.2.8End of Topic Test - Respiration 5.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Respiration 5.2.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic

5.3

Energy & Ecosystems

5.3.1Biomass 5.3.2Production & Productivity 5.3.3Agricultural Practices

5.4

Nutrient Cycles

5.4.1Nitrogen Cycle 5.4.2Phosphorous Cycle 5.4.3Fertilisers & Eutrophication 5.4.4End of Topic Test - Nutrient Cycles 5.4.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Energy,Ecosystems&NutrientCycles

6

Responding to Change (A2 only)

6.1

Nervous Communication

6.1.1Survival 6.1.2Plant Responses 6.1.3Animal Responses 6.1.4Reflexes 6.1.5End of Topic Test - Reflexes, Responses & Survival 6.1.6Receptors 6.1.7The Human Retina 6.1.8Control of Heart Rate 6.1.9End of Topic Test - Receptors, Retina & Heart Rate

6.2

Nervous Coordination

6.2.1Neurones 6.2.2Action Potentials 6.2.3Speed of Transmission 6.2.4End of Topic Test - Neurones & Action Potentials 6.2.5Synapses 6.2.6Types of Synapse 6.2.7Medical Application 6.2.8End of Topic Test - Synapses 6.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Nervous Comm&Coord

6.3

Muscle Contraction

6.3.1Skeletal Muscle 6.3.2Sliding Filament Theory 6.3.3Contraction 6.3.4Slow & Fast Twitch Fibres 6.3.5End of Topic Test - Muscles 6.3.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Muscle Contraction

6.4

Homeostasis

6.4.1Overview of Homeostasis 6.4.2Blood Glucose Concentration 6.4.3Controlling Blood Glucose Concentration 6.4.4End of Topic Test - Blood Glucose 6.4.5Primary & Secondary Messengers 6.4.6Diabetes Mellitus 6.4.7Measuring Glucose Concentration 6.4.8Osmoregulation 6.4.9Controlling Blood Water Potential 6.4.10ADH 6.4.11End of Topic Test - Diabetes & Osmoregulation 6.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Homeostasis 6.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Effect of ADH

7

Genetics & Ecosystems (A2 only)

7.1

Genetics

7.1.1Key Terms in Genetics 7.1.2Inheritance 7.1.3Linkage 7.1.4Multiple Alleles & Epistasis 7.1.5Chi-Squared Test 7.1.6End of Topic Test - Genetics 7.1.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Genetics 7.1.8Diagnostic Misconceptions - Dihybrid Inheritance 7.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sex Linkage

7.2

Populations

7.2.1Populations 7.2.2Hardy-Weinberg Principle

7.3

Evolution

7.3.1Variation 7.3.2Natural Selection & Evolution 7.3.3End of Topic Test - Populations & Evolution 7.3.4Types of Selection 7.3.5Types of Selection Summary 7.3.6Overview of Speciation 7.3.7Causes of Speciation 7.3.8Diversity 7.3.9End of Topic Test - Selection & Speciation 7.3.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Populations & Evolution 7.3.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Speciation

7.4

Populations in Ecosystems

7.4.1Overview of Ecosystems 7.4.2Niche 7.4.3Population Size 7.4.4Investigating Population Size 7.4.5End of Topic Test - Ecosystems & Population Size 7.4.6Succession 7.4.7Conservation 7.4.8End of Topic Test - Succession & Conservation 7.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Ecosystems

8

The Control of Gene Expression (A2 only)

8.1

Mutation

8.1.1Mutations 8.1.2Effects of Mutations 8.1.3Causes of Mutations 8.1.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Gene Expression

8.2

Gene Expression

8.2.1Stem Cells 8.2.2Stem Cells in Disease 8.2.3End of Topic Test - Mutation & Gene Epression 8.2.4A-A* (AO3/4) - Mutation & Stem Cells 8.2.5Regulating Transcription 8.2.6Epigenetics 8.2.7Epigenetics & Disease 8.2.8Regulating Translation 8.2.9Experimental Data 8.2.10End of Topic Test - Transcription & Translation 8.2.11Tumours 8.2.12Correlations & Causes 8.2.13Prevention & Treatment 8.2.14End of Topic Test - Cancer 8.2.15A-A* (AO3/4) - Gene Expression & Cancer

8.3

Genome Projects

8.3.1Using Genome Projects

8.4

Gene Technology

8.4.1Recombinant DNA 8.4.2Producing Fragments 8.4.3Amplification 8.4.4End of Topic Test - Genome Project & Amplification 8.4.5Using Recombinant DNA 8.4.6Medical Diagnosis 8.4.7Genetic Fingerprinting 8.4.8End of Topic Test - Gene Technologies 8.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Gene Technology

9

Mathematical Skills

9.1

Mathematical Skills

9.1.1Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting Units 9.1.2Diagnostic Misconceptions - Correct Hypothesis 9.1.3Diagnostic Misconceptions - Interpret Hypothesis 9.1.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculate Uncertainty

Jump to other topics

1

Biological Molecules

1.1

Monomers & Polymers

1.1.1Monomers & Polymers 1.1.2Condensation & Hydrolysis Reactions

1.2

Carbohydrates

1.2.1Structure of Carbohydrates 1.2.2Types of Polysaccharides 1.2.3End of Topic Test - Monomers, Polymers and Carbs 1.2.4Exam-Style Question - Carbohydrates 1.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Carbohydrates

1.3

Lipids

1.3.1Triglycerides & Phospholipids 1.3.2Types of Fatty Acids 1.3.3Testing for Lipids 1.3.4Exam-Style Question - Fats 1.3.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Lipids

1.4

Proteins

1.4.1The Peptide Chain 1.4.2Investigating Proteins 1.4.3Primary & Secondary Protein Structure 1.4.4Tertiary & Quaternary Protein Structure 1.4.5Enzymes 1.4.6Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 1.4.7Enzyme-Controlled Reactions 1.4.8End of Topic Test - Lipids & Proteins 1.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Enzymes 1.4.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Proteins 1.4.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Enzyme Inhibitors

1.5

Nucleic Acids

1.5.1DNA & RNA 1.5.2Nucleotides 1.5.3Polynucleotides 1.5.4DNA Replication 1.5.5Exam-Style Question - Nucleic Acids 1.5.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Nucleic Acids

1.6

ATP

1.6.1Structure of ATP 1.6.2Hydrolysis of ATP 1.6.3Resynthesis of ATP 1.6.4End of Topic Test - Nucleic Acids & ATP

1.7

Water

1.7.1Importance of Water 1.7.2Structure of Water 1.7.3Properties of Water 1.7.4A-A* (AO3/4) - Water

1.8

Inorganic Ions

1.8.1Inorganic Ions 1.8.2End of Topic Test - Water & Inorganic Ions

2

Cells

2.1

Cell Structure

2.1.1Introduction to Cells 2.1.2Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles 2.1.3Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles 2 2.1.4Prokaryotes 2.1.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Organelles 2.1.6Methods of Studying Cells 2.1.7Microscopes 2.1.8End of Topic Test - Cell Structure 2.1.9Exam-Style Question - Cells 2.1.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Cells

2.2

Mitosis & Cancer

2.2.1Mitosis 2.2.2Stages of Mitosis 2.2.3Investigating Mitosis 2.2.4Cancer 2.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - The Cell Cycle

2.3

Transport Across Cell Membrane

2.3.1Cell Membrane Structure 2.3.2A-A* (AO3/4) - Membrane Structure 2.3.3Diffusion 2.3.4Osmosis 2.3.5Active Transport 2.3.6End of Topic Test - Mitosis, Cancer & Transport 2.3.7Exam-Style Question - Membranes 2.3.8A-A* (AO3/4) - Membranes & Transport 2.3.9A-A*- Mitosis, Cancer & Transport

2.4

Cell Recognition & the Immune System

2.4.1Immune System 2.4.2Phagocytosis 2.4.3T Lymphocytes 2.4.4B Lymphocytes 2.4.5Antibodies 2.4.6Primary & Secondary Response 2.4.7Vaccines 2.4.8HIV 2.4.9Ethical Issues 2.4.10End of Topic Test - Immune System 2.4.11Exam-Style Question - Immune System 2.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Immune System 2.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Humoral vs Cellular

3

Substance Exchange

3.1

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

3.1.1Size & Surface Area 3.1.2A-A* (AO3/4) - Cell Size

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Single-Celled Organisms 3.2.2Multicellular Organisms 3.2.3Control of Water Loss 3.2.4Human Gas Exchange 3.2.5Ventilation 3.2.6Dissection 3.2.7Measuring Gas Exchange 3.2.8Lung Disease 3.2.9Lung Disease Data 3.2.10End of Topic Test - Gas Exchange 3.2.11A-A* (AO3/4) - Gas Exchange

3.3

Digestion & Absorption

3.3.1Overview of Digestion 3.3.2Digestion in Mammals 3.3.3Absorption 3.3.4End of Topic Test - Substance Exchange & Digestion 3.3.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Substance Ex & Digestion

3.4

Mass Transport

3.4.1Haemoglobin 3.4.2Oxygen Transport 3.4.3The Circulatory System 3.4.4The Heart 3.4.5Blood Vessels 3.4.6Cardiovascular Disease 3.4.7Heart Dissection 3.4.8Xylem 3.4.9Phloem 3.4.10Investigating Plant Transport 3.4.11End of Topic Test - Mass Transport 3.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Mass Transport 3.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentration Gradient 3.4.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Cycle 3.4.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Carrying Capacity 3.4.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Translocation

4

Genetic Information & Variation

4.1

DNA, Genes & Chromosomes

4.1.1DNA 4.1.2Genes 4.1.3Non-Coding Genes 4.1.4The Genetic Code 4.1.5A-A* (AO3/4) - DNA

4.2

DNA & Protein Synthesis

4.2.1Protein Synthesis 4.2.2Transcription & Translation 4.2.3End of Topic Test - DNA, Genes & Protein Synthesis 4.2.4Exam-Style Question - Protein Synthesis 4.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Coronavirus Translation 4.2.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Transcription 4.2.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Translation

4.3

Mutations & Meiosis

4.3.1Mutations 4.3.2Meiosis 4.3.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Meiosis 4.3.4Meiosis vs Mitosis 4.3.5End of Topic Test - Mutations, Meiosis 4.3.6A-A* (AO3/4) - DNA,Genes, CellDiv & ProtSynth 4.3.7Diagnostic Misconceptions - Meiosis vs Mitosis

4.4

Genetic Diversity & Adaptation

4.4.1Genetic Diversity 4.4.2Natural Selection 4.4.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Natural Selection 4.4.4Adaptations 4.4.5Investigating Natural Selection 4.4.6End of Topic Test - Genetic Diversity & Adaptation 4.4.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Genetic Diversity & Adaptation

4.5

Species & Taxonomy

4.5.1Courtship Behaviour 4.5.2Phylogeny 4.5.3Classification 4.5.4DNA Technology 4.5.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Species & Taxonomy

4.6

Biodiversity Within a Community

4.6.1Biodiversity 4.6.2Index of diversity 4.6.3Agriculture 4.6.4End of Topic Test - Species,Taxonomy& Biodiversity 4.6.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Species,Taxon&Biodiversity

4.7

Investigating Diversity

4.7.1Genetic Diversity 4.7.2Quantitative Investigation

5

Energy Transfers (A2 only)

5.1

Photosynthesis

5.1.1Overview of Photosynthesis 5.1.2Photoionisation of Chlorophyll 5.1.3Production of ATP & Reduced NADP 5.1.4Cyclic Photophosphorylation 5.1.5Light-Independent Reaction 5.1.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis Reactions 5.1.7Limiting Factors 5.1.8Photosynthesis Experiments 5.1.9End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis 5.1.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis

5.2

Respiration

5.2.1Overview of Respiration 5.2.2Anaerobic Respiration 5.2.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Anaerobic Respiration 5.2.4The Link Reaction 5.2.5The Krebs Cycle 5.2.6Oxidative Phosphorylation 5.2.7Respiration Experiments 5.2.8End of Topic Test - Respiration 5.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Respiration 5.2.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic

5.3

Energy & Ecosystems

5.3.1Biomass 5.3.2Production & Productivity 5.3.3Agricultural Practices

5.4

Nutrient Cycles

5.4.1Nitrogen Cycle 5.4.2Phosphorous Cycle 5.4.3Fertilisers & Eutrophication 5.4.4End of Topic Test - Nutrient Cycles 5.4.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Energy,Ecosystems&NutrientCycles

6

Responding to Change (A2 only)

6.1

Nervous Communication

6.1.1Survival 6.1.2Plant Responses 6.1.3Animal Responses 6.1.4Reflexes 6.1.5End of Topic Test - Reflexes, Responses & Survival 6.1.6Receptors 6.1.7The Human Retina 6.1.8Control of Heart Rate 6.1.9End of Topic Test - Receptors, Retina & Heart Rate

6.2

Nervous Coordination

6.2.1Neurones 6.2.2Action Potentials 6.2.3Speed of Transmission 6.2.4End of Topic Test - Neurones & Action Potentials 6.2.5Synapses 6.2.6Types of Synapse 6.2.7Medical Application 6.2.8End of Topic Test - Synapses 6.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Nervous Comm&Coord

6.3

Muscle Contraction

6.3.1Skeletal Muscle 6.3.2Sliding Filament Theory 6.3.3Contraction 6.3.4Slow & Fast Twitch Fibres 6.3.5End of Topic Test - Muscles 6.3.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Muscle Contraction

6.4

Homeostasis

6.4.1Overview of Homeostasis 6.4.2Blood Glucose Concentration 6.4.3Controlling Blood Glucose Concentration 6.4.4End of Topic Test - Blood Glucose 6.4.5Primary & Secondary Messengers 6.4.6Diabetes Mellitus 6.4.7Measuring Glucose Concentration 6.4.8Osmoregulation 6.4.9Controlling Blood Water Potential 6.4.10ADH 6.4.11End of Topic Test - Diabetes & Osmoregulation 6.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Homeostasis 6.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Effect of ADH

7

Genetics & Ecosystems (A2 only)

7.1

Genetics

7.1.1Key Terms in Genetics 7.1.2Inheritance 7.1.3Linkage 7.1.4Multiple Alleles & Epistasis 7.1.5Chi-Squared Test 7.1.6End of Topic Test - Genetics 7.1.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Genetics 7.1.8Diagnostic Misconceptions - Dihybrid Inheritance 7.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sex Linkage

7.2

Populations

7.2.1Populations 7.2.2Hardy-Weinberg Principle

7.3

Evolution

7.3.1Variation 7.3.2Natural Selection & Evolution 7.3.3End of Topic Test - Populations & Evolution 7.3.4Types of Selection 7.3.5Types of Selection Summary 7.3.6Overview of Speciation 7.3.7Causes of Speciation 7.3.8Diversity 7.3.9End of Topic Test - Selection & Speciation 7.3.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Populations & Evolution 7.3.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Speciation

7.4

Populations in Ecosystems

7.4.1Overview of Ecosystems 7.4.2Niche 7.4.3Population Size 7.4.4Investigating Population Size 7.4.5End of Topic Test - Ecosystems & Population Size 7.4.6Succession 7.4.7Conservation 7.4.8End of Topic Test - Succession & Conservation 7.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Ecosystems

8

The Control of Gene Expression (A2 only)

8.1

Mutation

8.1.1Mutations 8.1.2Effects of Mutations 8.1.3Causes of Mutations 8.1.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Gene Expression

8.2

Gene Expression

8.2.1Stem Cells 8.2.2Stem Cells in Disease 8.2.3End of Topic Test - Mutation & Gene Epression 8.2.4A-A* (AO3/4) - Mutation & Stem Cells 8.2.5Regulating Transcription 8.2.6Epigenetics 8.2.7Epigenetics & Disease 8.2.8Regulating Translation 8.2.9Experimental Data 8.2.10End of Topic Test - Transcription & Translation 8.2.11Tumours 8.2.12Correlations & Causes 8.2.13Prevention & Treatment 8.2.14End of Topic Test - Cancer 8.2.15A-A* (AO3/4) - Gene Expression & Cancer

8.3

Genome Projects

8.3.1Using Genome Projects

8.4

Gene Technology

8.4.1Recombinant DNA 8.4.2Producing Fragments 8.4.3Amplification 8.4.4End of Topic Test - Genome Project & Amplification 8.4.5Using Recombinant DNA 8.4.6Medical Diagnosis 8.4.7Genetic Fingerprinting 8.4.8End of Topic Test - Gene Technologies 8.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Gene Technology

9

Mathematical Skills

9.1

Mathematical Skills

9.1.1Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting Units 9.1.2Diagnostic Misconceptions - Correct Hypothesis 9.1.3Diagnostic Misconceptions - Interpret Hypothesis 9.1.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculate Uncertainty

Practice questions on Digestion in Mammals

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1
Which of the following statements about digestion of carbohydrates are true?True / false
2
How is fructose absorbed by the epithelial cells in the ileum?Multiple choice
3
Steps in Digestion of CarbohydratesPut in order
4
Which of the following statements about the digestion of lipids are true?True / false
5
What are the stages of digestion of lipids?Fill in the list

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Overview of Digestion

Absorption