1.1.2

Condensation & Hydrolysis Reactions

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Condensation Reactions

Condensation is the formation of larger, biological molecules (polymers) from smaller molecules (monomers). The byproduct of condensation reactions is water.

Formation

Formation

Smaller, biological molecules (e.g. sugars) in an organism's cells can form larger molecules (e.g. carbohydrates) that can be used around the body.
These biological molecules are important to allow the organism to survive.

Condensation

Condensation

Condensation is the reaction that forms large, biological molecules.
The reaction releases water and bonds the smaller components together into larger molecules.

Products of condensation

Products of condensation

Condensation of amino acids produces proteins.
Condensation of two monosaccharides produces disaccharides.
- Many disaccharides form polysaccharides.
Condensation of fatty acids and monoglycerides produces lipids.

Hydrolysis Reactions

Hydrolysis is the break down of large, biological molecules into smaller molecules. The smaller molecules can then be taken up by the cells and used for a number of functions.

Break down

Break down

When an organism eats, it ingests large, biological molecules (e.g. carbohydrates).
These biological molecules are important to allow the organism to survive.
- The molecules could be used in the cells for important reactions (e.g respiration) but they are too large to be transported into the cells.
The large molecules must first be broken down.

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is the reaction that breaks down large, biological molecules.
The reaction requires water and splits larger molecules into their smaller components.
These smaller molecules (e.g. glucose) can easily diffuse into cells or be transported using protein channels.

Products of hydrolysis

Products of hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of protein produces amino acids.
Hydrolysis of carbohydrate produces disaccharides and monosaccharides.
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together.
Hydrolysis of lipids produces fatty acids and monoglycerides.

1

Biological Molecules

1.1

Monomers & Polymers

1.1.1Monomers & Polymers 1.1.2Condensation & Hydrolysis Reactions

1.2

Carbohydrates

1.2.1Structure of Carbohydrates 1.2.2Types of Polysaccharides 1.2.3End of Topic Test - Monomers, Polymers and Carbs 1.2.4Exam-Style Question - Carbohydrates 1.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Carbohydrates

1.3

Lipids

1.3.1Triglycerides & Phospholipids 1.3.2Types of Fatty Acids 1.3.3Testing for Lipids 1.3.4Exam-Style Question - Fats 1.3.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Lipids

1.4

Proteins

1.4.1The Peptide Chain 1.4.2Investigating Proteins 1.4.3Primary & Secondary Protein Structure 1.4.4Tertiary & Quaternary Protein Structure 1.4.5Enzymes 1.4.6Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 1.4.7Enzyme-Controlled Reactions 1.4.8End of Topic Test - Lipids & Proteins 1.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Enzymes 1.4.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Proteins 1.4.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Enzyme Inhibitors

1.5

Nucleic Acids

1.5.1DNA & RNA 1.5.2Nucleotides 1.5.3Polynucleotides 1.5.4DNA Replication 1.5.5Exam-Style Question - Nucleic Acids 1.5.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Nucleic Acids

1.6

ATP

1.6.1Structure of ATP 1.6.2Hydrolysis of ATP 1.6.3Resynthesis of ATP 1.6.4End of Topic Test - Nucleic Acids & ATP

1.7

Water

1.7.1Importance of Water 1.7.2Structure of Water 1.7.3Properties of Water 1.7.4A-A* (AO3/4) - Water

1.8

Inorganic Ions

1.8.1Inorganic Ions 1.8.2End of Topic Test - Water & Inorganic Ions

2

Cells

2.1

Cell Structure

2.1.1Introduction to Cells 2.1.2Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles 2.1.3Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles 2 2.1.4Prokaryotes 2.1.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Organelles 2.1.6Methods of Studying Cells 2.1.7Microscopes 2.1.8End of Topic Test - Cell Structure 2.1.9Exam-Style Question - Cells 2.1.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Cells

2.2

Mitosis & Cancer

2.2.1Mitosis 2.2.2Stages of Mitosis 2.2.3Investigating Mitosis 2.2.4Cancer 2.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - The Cell Cycle

2.3

Transport Across Cell Membrane

2.3.1Cell Membrane Structure 2.3.2A-A* (AO3/4) - Membrane Structure 2.3.3Diffusion 2.3.4Osmosis 2.3.5Active Transport 2.3.6End of Topic Test - Mitosis, Cancer & Transport 2.3.7Exam-Style Question - Membranes 2.3.8A-A* (AO3/4) - Membranes & Transport 2.3.9A-A*- Mitosis, Cancer & Transport

2.4

Cell Recognition & the Immune System

2.4.1Immune System 2.4.2Phagocytosis 2.4.3T Lymphocytes 2.4.4B Lymphocytes 2.4.5Antibodies 2.4.6Primary & Secondary Response 2.4.7Vaccines 2.4.8HIV 2.4.9Ethical Issues 2.4.10End of Topic Test - Immune System 2.4.11Exam-Style Question - Immune System 2.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Immune System 2.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Humoral vs Cellular

3

Substance Exchange

3.1

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

3.1.1Size & Surface Area 3.1.2A-A* (AO3/4) - Cell Size

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Single-Celled Organisms 3.2.2Multicellular Organisms 3.2.3Control of Water Loss 3.2.4Human Gas Exchange 3.2.5Ventilation 3.2.6Dissection 3.2.7Measuring Gas Exchange 3.2.8Lung Disease 3.2.9Lung Disease Data 3.2.10End of Topic Test - Gas Exchange 3.2.11A-A* (AO3/4) - Gas Exchange

3.3

Digestion & Absorption

3.3.1Overview of Digestion 3.3.2Digestion in Mammals 3.3.3Absorption 3.3.4End of Topic Test - Substance Exchange & Digestion 3.3.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Substance Ex & Digestion

3.4

Mass Transport

3.4.1Haemoglobin 3.4.2Oxygen Transport 3.4.3The Circulatory System 3.4.4The Heart 3.4.5Blood Vessels 3.4.6Cardiovascular Disease 3.4.7Heart Dissection 3.4.8Xylem 3.4.9Phloem 3.4.10Investigating Plant Transport 3.4.11End of Topic Test - Mass Transport 3.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Mass Transport 3.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentration Gradient 3.4.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Cycle 3.4.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Carrying Capacity 3.4.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Translocation

4

Genetic Information & Variation

4.1

DNA, Genes & Chromosomes

4.1.1DNA 4.1.2Genes 4.1.3Non-Coding Genes 4.1.4The Genetic Code 4.1.5A-A* (AO3/4) - DNA

4.2

DNA & Protein Synthesis

4.2.1Protein Synthesis 4.2.2Transcription & Translation 4.2.3End of Topic Test - DNA, Genes & Protein Synthesis 4.2.4Exam-Style Question - Protein Synthesis 4.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Coronavirus Translation 4.2.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Transcription 4.2.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Translation

4.3

Mutations & Meiosis

4.3.1Mutations 4.3.2Meiosis 4.3.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Meiosis 4.3.4Meiosis vs Mitosis 4.3.5End of Topic Test - Mutations, Meiosis 4.3.6A-A* (AO3/4) - DNA,Genes, CellDiv & ProtSynth 4.3.7Diagnostic Misconceptions - Meiosis vs Mitosis

4.4

Genetic Diversity & Adaptation

4.4.1Genetic Diversity 4.4.2Natural Selection 4.4.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Natural Selection 4.4.4Adaptations 4.4.5Investigating Natural Selection 4.4.6End of Topic Test - Genetic Diversity & Adaptation 4.4.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Genetic Diversity & Adaptation

4.5

Species & Taxonomy

4.5.1Courtship Behaviour 4.5.2Phylogeny 4.5.3Classification 4.5.4DNA Technology 4.5.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Species & Taxonomy

4.6

Biodiversity Within a Community

4.6.1Biodiversity 4.6.2Index of diversity 4.6.3Agriculture 4.6.4End of Topic Test - Species,Taxonomy& Biodiversity 4.6.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Species,Taxon&Biodiversity

4.7

Investigating Diversity

4.7.1Genetic Diversity 4.7.2Quantitative Investigation

5

Energy Transfers (A2 only)

5.1

Photosynthesis

5.1.1Overview of Photosynthesis 5.1.2Photoionisation of Chlorophyll 5.1.3Production of ATP & Reduced NADP 5.1.4Cyclic Photophosphorylation 5.1.5Light-Independent Reaction 5.1.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis Reactions 5.1.7Limiting Factors 5.1.8Photosynthesis Experiments 5.1.9End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis 5.1.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis

5.2

Respiration

5.2.1Overview of Respiration 5.2.2Anaerobic Respiration 5.2.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Anaerobic Respiration 5.2.4The Link Reaction 5.2.5The Krebs Cycle 5.2.6Oxidative Phosphorylation 5.2.7Respiration Experiments 5.2.8End of Topic Test - Respiration 5.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Respiration 5.2.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic

5.3

Energy & Ecosystems

5.3.1Biomass 5.3.2Production & Productivity 5.3.3Agricultural Practices

5.4

Nutrient Cycles

5.4.1Nitrogen Cycle 5.4.2Phosphorous Cycle 5.4.3Fertilisers & Eutrophication 5.4.4End of Topic Test - Nutrient Cycles 5.4.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Energy,Ecosystems&NutrientCycles

6

Responding to Change (A2 only)

6.1

Nervous Communication

6.1.1Survival 6.1.2Plant Responses 6.1.3Animal Responses 6.1.4Reflexes 6.1.5End of Topic Test - Reflexes, Responses & Survival 6.1.6Receptors 6.1.7The Human Retina 6.1.8Control of Heart Rate 6.1.9End of Topic Test - Receptors, Retina & Heart Rate

6.2

Nervous Coordination

6.2.1Neurones 6.2.2Action Potentials 6.2.3Speed of Transmission 6.2.4End of Topic Test - Neurones & Action Potentials 6.2.5Synapses 6.2.6Types of Synapse 6.2.7Medical Application 6.2.8End of Topic Test - Synapses 6.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Nervous Comm&Coord

6.3

Muscle Contraction

6.3.1Skeletal Muscle 6.3.2Sliding Filament Theory 6.3.3Contraction 6.3.4Slow & Fast Twitch Fibres 6.3.5End of Topic Test - Muscles 6.3.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Muscle Contraction

6.4

Homeostasis

6.4.1Overview of Homeostasis 6.4.2Blood Glucose Concentration 6.4.3Controlling Blood Glucose Concentration 6.4.4End of Topic Test - Blood Glucose 6.4.5Primary & Secondary Messengers 6.4.6Diabetes Mellitus 6.4.7Measuring Glucose Concentration 6.4.8Osmoregulation 6.4.9Controlling Blood Water Potential 6.4.10ADH 6.4.11End of Topic Test - Diabetes & Osmoregulation 6.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Homeostasis 6.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Effect of ADH

7

Genetics & Ecosystems (A2 only)

7.1

Genetics

7.1.1Key Terms in Genetics 7.1.2Inheritance 7.1.3Linkage 7.1.4Multiple Alleles & Epistasis 7.1.5Chi-Squared Test 7.1.6End of Topic Test - Genetics 7.1.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Genetics 7.1.8Diagnostic Misconceptions - Dihybrid Inheritance 7.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sex Linkage

7.2

Populations

7.2.1Populations 7.2.2Hardy-Weinberg Principle

7.3

Evolution

7.3.1Variation 7.3.2Natural Selection & Evolution 7.3.3End of Topic Test - Populations & Evolution 7.3.4Types of Selection 7.3.5Types of Selection Summary 7.3.6Overview of Speciation 7.3.7Causes of Speciation 7.3.8Diversity 7.3.9End of Topic Test - Selection & Speciation 7.3.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Populations & Evolution 7.3.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Speciation

7.4

Populations in Ecosystems

7.4.1Overview of Ecosystems 7.4.2Niche 7.4.3Population Size 7.4.4Investigating Population Size 7.4.5End of Topic Test - Ecosystems & Population Size 7.4.6Succession 7.4.7Conservation 7.4.8End of Topic Test - Succession & Conservation 7.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Ecosystems

8

The Control of Gene Expression (A2 only)

8.1

Mutation

8.1.1Mutations 8.1.2Effects of Mutations 8.1.3Causes of Mutations 8.1.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Gene Expression

8.2

Gene Expression

8.2.1Stem Cells 8.2.2Stem Cells in Disease 8.2.3End of Topic Test - Mutation & Gene Epression 8.2.4A-A* (AO3/4) - Mutation & Stem Cells 8.2.5Regulating Transcription 8.2.6Epigenetics 8.2.7Epigenetics & Disease 8.2.8Regulating Translation 8.2.9Experimental Data 8.2.10End of Topic Test - Transcription & Translation 8.2.11Tumours 8.2.12Correlations & Causes 8.2.13Prevention & Treatment 8.2.14End of Topic Test - Cancer 8.2.15A-A* (AO3/4) - Gene Expression & Cancer

8.3

Genome Projects

8.3.1Using Genome Projects

8.4

Gene Technology

8.4.1Recombinant DNA 8.4.2Producing Fragments 8.4.3Amplification 8.4.4End of Topic Test - Genome Project & Amplification 8.4.5Using Recombinant DNA 8.4.6Medical Diagnosis 8.4.7Genetic Fingerprinting 8.4.8End of Topic Test - Gene Technologies 8.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Gene Technology

9

Mathematical Skills

9.1

Mathematical Skills

9.1.1Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting Units 9.1.2Diagnostic Misconceptions - Correct Hypothesis 9.1.3Diagnostic Misconceptions - Interpret Hypothesis 9.1.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculate Uncertainty

Jump to other topics

1

Biological Molecules

1.1

Monomers & Polymers

1.1.1Monomers & Polymers 1.1.2Condensation & Hydrolysis Reactions

1.2

Carbohydrates

1.2.1Structure of Carbohydrates 1.2.2Types of Polysaccharides 1.2.3End of Topic Test - Monomers, Polymers and Carbs 1.2.4Exam-Style Question - Carbohydrates 1.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Carbohydrates

1.3

Lipids

1.3.1Triglycerides & Phospholipids 1.3.2Types of Fatty Acids 1.3.3Testing for Lipids 1.3.4Exam-Style Question - Fats 1.3.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Lipids

1.4

Proteins

1.4.1The Peptide Chain 1.4.2Investigating Proteins 1.4.3Primary & Secondary Protein Structure 1.4.4Tertiary & Quaternary Protein Structure 1.4.5Enzymes 1.4.6Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 1.4.7Enzyme-Controlled Reactions 1.4.8End of Topic Test - Lipids & Proteins 1.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Enzymes 1.4.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Proteins 1.4.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Enzyme Inhibitors

1.5

Nucleic Acids

1.5.1DNA & RNA 1.5.2Nucleotides 1.5.3Polynucleotides 1.5.4DNA Replication 1.5.5Exam-Style Question - Nucleic Acids 1.5.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Nucleic Acids

1.6

ATP

1.6.1Structure of ATP 1.6.2Hydrolysis of ATP 1.6.3Resynthesis of ATP 1.6.4End of Topic Test - Nucleic Acids & ATP

1.7

Water

1.7.1Importance of Water 1.7.2Structure of Water 1.7.3Properties of Water 1.7.4A-A* (AO3/4) - Water

1.8

Inorganic Ions

1.8.1Inorganic Ions 1.8.2End of Topic Test - Water & Inorganic Ions

2

Cells

2.1

Cell Structure

2.1.1Introduction to Cells 2.1.2Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles 2.1.3Eukaryotic Cells & Organelles 2 2.1.4Prokaryotes 2.1.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Organelles 2.1.6Methods of Studying Cells 2.1.7Microscopes 2.1.8End of Topic Test - Cell Structure 2.1.9Exam-Style Question - Cells 2.1.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Cells

2.2

Mitosis & Cancer

2.2.1Mitosis 2.2.2Stages of Mitosis 2.2.3Investigating Mitosis 2.2.4Cancer 2.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - The Cell Cycle

2.3

Transport Across Cell Membrane

2.3.1Cell Membrane Structure 2.3.2A-A* (AO3/4) - Membrane Structure 2.3.3Diffusion 2.3.4Osmosis 2.3.5Active Transport 2.3.6End of Topic Test - Mitosis, Cancer & Transport 2.3.7Exam-Style Question - Membranes 2.3.8A-A* (AO3/4) - Membranes & Transport 2.3.9A-A*- Mitosis, Cancer & Transport

2.4

Cell Recognition & the Immune System

2.4.1Immune System 2.4.2Phagocytosis 2.4.3T Lymphocytes 2.4.4B Lymphocytes 2.4.5Antibodies 2.4.6Primary & Secondary Response 2.4.7Vaccines 2.4.8HIV 2.4.9Ethical Issues 2.4.10End of Topic Test - Immune System 2.4.11Exam-Style Question - Immune System 2.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Immune System 2.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Humoral vs Cellular

3

Substance Exchange

3.1

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

3.1.1Size & Surface Area 3.1.2A-A* (AO3/4) - Cell Size

3.2

Gas Exchange

3.2.1Single-Celled Organisms 3.2.2Multicellular Organisms 3.2.3Control of Water Loss 3.2.4Human Gas Exchange 3.2.5Ventilation 3.2.6Dissection 3.2.7Measuring Gas Exchange 3.2.8Lung Disease 3.2.9Lung Disease Data 3.2.10End of Topic Test - Gas Exchange 3.2.11A-A* (AO3/4) - Gas Exchange

3.3

Digestion & Absorption

3.3.1Overview of Digestion 3.3.2Digestion in Mammals 3.3.3Absorption 3.3.4End of Topic Test - Substance Exchange & Digestion 3.3.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Substance Ex & Digestion

3.4

Mass Transport

3.4.1Haemoglobin 3.4.2Oxygen Transport 3.4.3The Circulatory System 3.4.4The Heart 3.4.5Blood Vessels 3.4.6Cardiovascular Disease 3.4.7Heart Dissection 3.4.8Xylem 3.4.9Phloem 3.4.10Investigating Plant Transport 3.4.11End of Topic Test - Mass Transport 3.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Mass Transport 3.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentration Gradient 3.4.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Cardiac Cycle 3.4.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Carrying Capacity 3.4.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Translocation

4

Genetic Information & Variation

4.1

DNA, Genes & Chromosomes

4.1.1DNA 4.1.2Genes 4.1.3Non-Coding Genes 4.1.4The Genetic Code 4.1.5A-A* (AO3/4) - DNA

4.2

DNA & Protein Synthesis

4.2.1Protein Synthesis 4.2.2Transcription & Translation 4.2.3End of Topic Test - DNA, Genes & Protein Synthesis 4.2.4Exam-Style Question - Protein Synthesis 4.2.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Coronavirus Translation 4.2.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Transcription 4.2.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Translation

4.3

Mutations & Meiosis

4.3.1Mutations 4.3.2Meiosis 4.3.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Meiosis 4.3.4Meiosis vs Mitosis 4.3.5End of Topic Test - Mutations, Meiosis 4.3.6A-A* (AO3/4) - DNA,Genes, CellDiv & ProtSynth 4.3.7Diagnostic Misconceptions - Meiosis vs Mitosis

4.4

Genetic Diversity & Adaptation

4.4.1Genetic Diversity 4.4.2Natural Selection 4.4.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Natural Selection 4.4.4Adaptations 4.4.5Investigating Natural Selection 4.4.6End of Topic Test - Genetic Diversity & Adaptation 4.4.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Genetic Diversity & Adaptation

4.5

Species & Taxonomy

4.5.1Courtship Behaviour 4.5.2Phylogeny 4.5.3Classification 4.5.4DNA Technology 4.5.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Species & Taxonomy

4.6

Biodiversity Within a Community

4.6.1Biodiversity 4.6.2Index of diversity 4.6.3Agriculture 4.6.4End of Topic Test - Species,Taxonomy& Biodiversity 4.6.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Species,Taxon&Biodiversity

4.7

Investigating Diversity

4.7.1Genetic Diversity 4.7.2Quantitative Investigation

5

Energy Transfers (A2 only)

5.1

Photosynthesis

5.1.1Overview of Photosynthesis 5.1.2Photoionisation of Chlorophyll 5.1.3Production of ATP & Reduced NADP 5.1.4Cyclic Photophosphorylation 5.1.5Light-Independent Reaction 5.1.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis Reactions 5.1.7Limiting Factors 5.1.8Photosynthesis Experiments 5.1.9End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis 5.1.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Photosynthesis

5.2

Respiration

5.2.1Overview of Respiration 5.2.2Anaerobic Respiration 5.2.3A-A* (AO3/4) - Anaerobic Respiration 5.2.4The Link Reaction 5.2.5The Krebs Cycle 5.2.6Oxidative Phosphorylation 5.2.7Respiration Experiments 5.2.8End of Topic Test - Respiration 5.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Respiration 5.2.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Aerobic vs Anaerobic

5.3

Energy & Ecosystems

5.3.1Biomass 5.3.2Production & Productivity 5.3.3Agricultural Practices

5.4

Nutrient Cycles

5.4.1Nitrogen Cycle 5.4.2Phosphorous Cycle 5.4.3Fertilisers & Eutrophication 5.4.4End of Topic Test - Nutrient Cycles 5.4.5A-A* (AO3/4) - Energy,Ecosystems&NutrientCycles

6

Responding to Change (A2 only)

6.1

Nervous Communication

6.1.1Survival 6.1.2Plant Responses 6.1.3Animal Responses 6.1.4Reflexes 6.1.5End of Topic Test - Reflexes, Responses & Survival 6.1.6Receptors 6.1.7The Human Retina 6.1.8Control of Heart Rate 6.1.9End of Topic Test - Receptors, Retina & Heart Rate

6.2

Nervous Coordination

6.2.1Neurones 6.2.2Action Potentials 6.2.3Speed of Transmission 6.2.4End of Topic Test - Neurones & Action Potentials 6.2.5Synapses 6.2.6Types of Synapse 6.2.7Medical Application 6.2.8End of Topic Test - Synapses 6.2.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Nervous Comm&Coord

6.3

Muscle Contraction

6.3.1Skeletal Muscle 6.3.2Sliding Filament Theory 6.3.3Contraction 6.3.4Slow & Fast Twitch Fibres 6.3.5End of Topic Test - Muscles 6.3.6A-A* (AO3/4) - Muscle Contraction

6.4

Homeostasis

6.4.1Overview of Homeostasis 6.4.2Blood Glucose Concentration 6.4.3Controlling Blood Glucose Concentration 6.4.4End of Topic Test - Blood Glucose 6.4.5Primary & Secondary Messengers 6.4.6Diabetes Mellitus 6.4.7Measuring Glucose Concentration 6.4.8Osmoregulation 6.4.9Controlling Blood Water Potential 6.4.10ADH 6.4.11End of Topic Test - Diabetes & Osmoregulation 6.4.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Homeostasis 6.4.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Effect of ADH

7

Genetics & Ecosystems (A2 only)

7.1

Genetics

7.1.1Key Terms in Genetics 7.1.2Inheritance 7.1.3Linkage 7.1.4Multiple Alleles & Epistasis 7.1.5Chi-Squared Test 7.1.6End of Topic Test - Genetics 7.1.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Genetics 7.1.8Diagnostic Misconceptions - Dihybrid Inheritance 7.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sex Linkage

7.2

Populations

7.2.1Populations 7.2.2Hardy-Weinberg Principle

7.3

Evolution

7.3.1Variation 7.3.2Natural Selection & Evolution 7.3.3End of Topic Test - Populations & Evolution 7.3.4Types of Selection 7.3.5Types of Selection Summary 7.3.6Overview of Speciation 7.3.7Causes of Speciation 7.3.8Diversity 7.3.9End of Topic Test - Selection & Speciation 7.3.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Populations & Evolution 7.3.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Types of Speciation

7.4

Populations in Ecosystems

7.4.1Overview of Ecosystems 7.4.2Niche 7.4.3Population Size 7.4.4Investigating Population Size 7.4.5End of Topic Test - Ecosystems & Population Size 7.4.6Succession 7.4.7Conservation 7.4.8End of Topic Test - Succession & Conservation 7.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Ecosystems

8

The Control of Gene Expression (A2 only)

8.1

Mutation

8.1.1Mutations 8.1.2Effects of Mutations 8.1.3Causes of Mutations 8.1.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Gene Expression

8.2

Gene Expression

8.2.1Stem Cells 8.2.2Stem Cells in Disease 8.2.3End of Topic Test - Mutation & Gene Epression 8.2.4A-A* (AO3/4) - Mutation & Stem Cells 8.2.5Regulating Transcription 8.2.6Epigenetics 8.2.7Epigenetics & Disease 8.2.8Regulating Translation 8.2.9Experimental Data 8.2.10End of Topic Test - Transcription & Translation 8.2.11Tumours 8.2.12Correlations & Causes 8.2.13Prevention & Treatment 8.2.14End of Topic Test - Cancer 8.2.15A-A* (AO3/4) - Gene Expression & Cancer

8.3

Genome Projects

8.3.1Using Genome Projects

8.4

Gene Technology

8.4.1Recombinant DNA 8.4.2Producing Fragments 8.4.3Amplification 8.4.4End of Topic Test - Genome Project & Amplification 8.4.5Using Recombinant DNA 8.4.6Medical Diagnosis 8.4.7Genetic Fingerprinting 8.4.8End of Topic Test - Gene Technologies 8.4.9A-A* (AO3/4) - Gene Technology

9

Mathematical Skills

9.1

Mathematical Skills

9.1.1Diagnostic Misconceptions - Converting Units 9.1.2Diagnostic Misconceptions - Correct Hypothesis 9.1.3Diagnostic Misconceptions - Interpret Hypothesis 9.1.4Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculate Uncertainty

Practice questions on Condensation & Hydrolysis Reactions

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1
What is the product of the condensation of two monosaccharides?Multiple choice
2
Which of the following statements about condensation reactions are true?True / false
3
Which of these are NOT a product of hydrolysis of carbohydrates?Multiple choice
4
Which of the following statements about hydrolysis are true?True / false

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Monomers & Polymers

Structure of Carbohydrates