17.1.27
(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Forensic 1
Test yourself on this topic
This topic is designed as an interactive quiz.
Test yourself in an adaptive quiz or answer open-ended exam questions for free, by signing in to Seneca.
Test yourselfJump to other topics
1Social Influence
1.1Social Influence
1.1.1(2026 Exams) Conformity
1.1.2(2027 Exams) Conformity
1.1.3(2027 Exams) Jenness' Conformity Study
1.1.4Asch (1951)
1.1.5Sherif (1935)
1.1.6(2026 Exams) Conformity to Social Roles
1.1.7(2027 Exams) Conformity to Social Roles
1.1.8(2026 Exams) BBC Prison Study
1.1.9(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Conformity
1.1.10(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Conformity
1.1.11Obedience
1.1.12Analysing Milgram's Experiment
1.1.13Agentic State & Legitimate Authority
1.1.14Variables of Obedience
1.1.15Resistance to Social Influence
1.1.16(2026 Exams) Minority Influence & Social Change
1.1.17(2027 Exams) Minority Influence & Social Change
1.1.18Minority Influence & Social Impact Theory
1.1.19End of Topic Test - Social Influences
1.1.20Exam-Style Question - Conformity
1.1.21Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Social Influence
2Memory
2.1Memory
2.1.1Multi-Store Model of Memory
2.1.2Short-Term vs Long-Term Memory
2.1.3(2026 Exam) Long-Term Memory
2.1.4Support for the Multi-Store Model of Memory
2.1.5Duration Studies
2.1.6Capacity Studies
2.1.7Coding Studies
2.1.8The Working Memory Model
2.1.9The Working Memory Model 2
2.1.10Support for the Working Memory Model
2.1.11Explanations for Forgetting
2.1.12Studies on Interference
2.1.13Cue-Dependent Forgetting
2.1.14Eye Witness Testimony - Loftus & Palmer
2.1.15Eye Witness Testimony - Loftus
2.1.16Eyewitness Testimony - Post-Event Discussion
2.1.17Eyewitness Testimony - Age & Anxiety
2.1.18Cognitive Interview
2.1.19Cognitive Interview - Geiselman & Fisher
2.1.20End of Topic Test - Memory
2.1.21Exam-Style Question - Memory
2.1.22(2026 Exam) A-A* (AO3/4) - Memory
3Attachment
3.1Attachment
3.1.1(2026 Exams) Caregiver-Infant Interaction
3.1.2(2026 Exams) Condon & Sander (1974)
3.1.3(2026 Exams) Schaffer & Emerson (1964)
3.1.4(2026 Exams) Multiple Attachments
3.1.5(2026 Exams) Studies on the Role of the Father
3.1.6(2027 Exams) The Concept of Attachment
3.1.7Animal Studies of Attachment
3.1.8Explanations of Attachment
3.1.9Attachment Types - Strange Situation
3.1.10Cultural Differences in Attachment
3.1.11Disruption of Attachment
3.1.12Disruption of Attachment - Privation
3.1.13Overcoming the Effects of Disruption
3.1.14(2026 Exam) The Effects of Institutionalisation
3.1.15(2027 Exam) The Effects of Institutionalisation
3.1.16Early Attachment
3.1.17Critical Period of Attachment
3.1.18(2026 Exam) End of Topic Test - Attachment
3.1.19(2027 Exam) End of Topic Test - Attachment
3.1.20(2026 Exams) Exam-Style Question - Attachment
3.1.21(2027 Exams) Exam-Style Question - Attachment
3.1.22Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Attachment
4(2026 Exams) Psychopathology
4.1Psychopathology
4.1.1Abnormality
4.1.2Abnormality 2
4.1.3Phobias, Depression & OCD
4.1.4Phobias: Behavioural Approach
4.1.5Evaluation of Behavioural Explanations of Phobias
4.1.6Depression: Cognitive Approach
4.1.7OCD: Biological Approach
4.1.8Evidence for the Biological Approach
4.1.9End of Topic Test - Psychopathy
4.1.10Exam-Style Question - Phobias
4.1.11Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Psychopathology
4.1.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Phobia vs Fear
4.1.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Depression & Self-Harm
4.1.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Desensitisation
5(2027 Exams) Clinical Psychology & Mental Health
5.1Clinical Psychology & Mental Health
5.1.1Deviation from Social Norms
5.1.2Deviation from Social Norms 2
5.1.3Phobias, Depression & OCD
5.1.4Phobias: Behavioural Approach
5.1.5Evaluation of Behavioural Explanations of Phobias
5.1.6Depression: Cognitive Approach
5.1.7OCD: Biological Approach
5.1.8Evidence for the Biological Approach
5.1.9End of Topic Test - Psychopathy
5.1.10Exam-Style Question - Phobias
5.1.11Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Psychopathology
5.1.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Phobia vs Fear
5.1.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Depression & Self-Harm
5.1.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Desensitisation
6Approaches in Psychology
6.1Approaches in Psychology
6.1.1(2026 Exams) Psychology as a Science
6.1.2(2026 Exams) Origins of Psychology
6.1.3(2026 Exams) Problems with Introspection
6.1.4The Behaviourist Approach - Classical Conditioning
6.1.5Pavlov's Experiment
6.1.6Little Albert Study
6.1.7The Behaviourist Approach - Operant Conditioning
6.1.8(2026 Exams) Social Learning Theory
6.1.9(2026 Exam) The Cognitive Approach 1
6.1.10(2026 Exams)The Cognitive Approach 2
6.1.11(2026 Exams) The Biological Approach
6.1.12(2027 Exams) Social Learning Theory
6.1.13(2027 Exams) The Cognitive Approach 1
6.1.14(2027 Exams)The Cognitive Approach 2
6.1.15(2027 Exams) The Biological Approach
6.1.16(2027 Exam) The Biological Approach 2
6.1.17Gottesman (1991) - Twin Studies
6.1.18Brain Scanning
6.1.19Structure of Personality & Little Hans
6.1.20The Psychodynamic Approach (A2 only)
6.1.21(2026 Exams) Humanistic Psychology (A2 only)
6.1.22(2027 Exams) Humanistic Psychology (A2 only)
6.1.23Aronoff (1957) (A2 Only)
6.1.24(2026 Exam) Rogers' Client-Centred Therapy A2 only
6.1.25(2026 Exam) Exam-Style Question - Approaches
6.1.26(2026 Exam) End of Topic Test - Approaches
6.1.27(2027 Exam) End of Topic Test - Approaches
6.2Comparison of Approaches (A2 only)
7Biopsychology
7.1Biopsychology
7.1.1Nervous System Divisions
7.1.2Neuron Structure & Function
7.1.3Neurotransmitters
7.1.4Endocrine System Function
7.1.5Fight or Flight Response
7.1.6The Brain (A2 only)
7.1.7Localisation of Brain Function (A2 only)
7.1.8(2026 Exam) Studying the Brain (A2 only)
7.1.9(2026 Exam) CIMT (A2 Only) & Postmortem
7.1.10(2027 Exam) Studying the Brain (A2 only)
7.1.11(2027 Exam) CIMT (A2 Only) & Postmortem
7.1.12(2026 Exams) Biological Rhythms (A2 only)
7.1.13(2026 Exams) Studies on Biological Rhythms (A2)
7.1.14Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Biopsychology
7.1.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Plasticity & Recovery
7.1.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Endogenous Pacemakers
7.1.17(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Biopsychology
7.1.18(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Biopsychology
8Research Methods
8.1Research Methods
8.1.1Experimental Method
8.1.2Observational Techniques
8.1.3Covert, Overt & Controlled Observation
8.1.4Self-Report Techniques
8.1.5Correlations
8.1.6Exam-Style Question - Research Methods
8.1.7Diagnostic Misconceptions - Sign Test
8.1.8Diagnostic Misconceptions - Content & Thematic
8.1.9Diagnostic Misconceptions - Valid vs Reliable
8.1.10Diagnostic Misconceptions - Confounding Variable
8.1.11End of Topic Test - Research Methods
8.2Scientific Processes
8.2.1(2026 Exam) Aims, Hypotheses & Sampling
8.2.2(2027 Exam) Aims, Hypotheses & Sampling
8.2.3Pilot Studies & Design
8.2.4Questionnaires
8.2.5(2026 Exam) Variables & Control
8.2.6(2027 Exam) Variables & Control
8.2.7Demand Characteristics & Investigator Effects
8.2.8Ethics
8.2.9Limitations of Ethical Guidelines
8.2.10Consent & Protection from Harm Studies
8.2.11Peer Review & The Economy
8.2.12(2026 Exams) Validity (A2 only)
8.2.13(2026 Exams) Reliability (A2 only)
8.2.14(2027 Exams) Validity (A2 only)
8.2.15(2027 Exams) Reliability (A2 only)
8.2.16Features of Science (A2 only)
8.2.17Paradigms & Falsifiability (A2 only)
8.2.18Scientific Report (A2 only)
8.2.19Scientific Report 2 (A2 only)
8.2.20(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Scientific
8.2.21(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Scientific
8.3Data Handling & Analysis
8.3.1Types of Data
8.3.2Descriptive Statistics
8.3.3Correlation
8.3.4Evaluation of Descriptive Statistics
8.3.5Presentation & Display of Data
8.3.6Levels of Measurement (A2 only)
8.3.7(2026 Exams) Content Analysis (A2 only)
8.3.8(2027 Exams) Coding in Content Analysis (A2 only)
8.3.9Case Studies (A2 only)
8.3.10(2026 Exams) Thematic Analysis (A2 only)
8.3.11(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Data Handling
8.3.12(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Data Handling
9Issues & Debates in Psychology (A2 only)
9.1Issues & Debates in Psychology (A2 only)
9.1.1Culture Bias
9.1.2Sub-Culture Bias
9.1.3Gender Bias
9.1.4Ethnocentrism
9.1.5Cross Cultural Research
9.1.6Free Will & Determinism
9.1.7Comparison of Free Will & Determinism
9.1.8Reductionism & Holism
9.1.9Reductionist & Holistic Approaches
9.1.10Nature-Nurture Debate
9.1.11Interactionist Approach
9.1.12Nature-Nurture Methods
9.1.13Nature-Nurture Approaches
9.1.14Idiographic & Nomothetic Approaches
9.1.15Socially Sensitive Research
9.1.16End of Topic Test - Issues and Debates
10Option 1: Relationships (A2 only)
10.1Relationships: Sexual Relationships (A2 only)
10.1.1(2026 Exams) Sexual Selection
10.1.2(2026 Exams) Intersexual & Intrasexual
10.1.3(2026 Exams) Evaluation of Sexual Selection
10.1.4Factors Affecting Attraction: Self-Disclosure
10.1.5Evaluation of Self-Disclosure Theory
10.1.6Factors Affecting Attraction: Physical Attributes
10.1.7Matching Hypothesis Studies
10.1.8Factors Affecting Physical Attraction
10.1.9Factors Affecting Attraction: Filter Theory 1
10.1.10Factors Affecting Attraction: Filter Theory 2
10.1.11Evaluation of Filter Theory
10.1.12(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Relationships
10.1.13(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Relationships
10.2Relationships: Romantic Relationships (A2 only)
10.2.1Social Exchange Theory
10.2.2Evaluation of Social Exchange Theory
10.2.3Equity Theory
10.2.4Evaluation of Equity Theory
10.2.5Rusbult’s Investment Model
10.2.6Evaluation of Rusbult's Investment Model
10.2.7Relationship Breakdown
10.2.8Studies on Relationship Breakdown
10.2.9Evaluation of Relationship Breakdown
10.2.10End of Topic Test - Romantic relationships
10.3(2026 Exams) Relationships: Virtual (A2 only)
10.3.1Virtual Relationships in Social Media
10.3.2Evaluation of Reduced Cues & Hyperpersonal
10.3.3Self Disclosure in Computer Communication
10.3.4Parasocial Relationships
10.3.5Attachment Theory & Parasocial Relationships
10.3.6Evaluation of Parasocial Relationship Theories
10.3.7End of Topic Test - Virtual & Parasocial Realtions
10.4(2027 Exams) Relationships: Online (A2 only)
11Option 1: Gender (A2 only)
11.1(2026 Exams) Gender (A2 only)
11.1.1Sex, Gender & Androgyny
11.1.2Gender Identity Disorder
11.1.3Biological & Social Explanations of GID
11.1.4Biological Influences on Gender
11.1.5Effects of Hormones on Gender
11.1.6Kohlberg’s Theory of Gender Constancy
11.1.7Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory
11.1.8Gender Schema Theory
11.1.9Psychodynamic Approach to Gender Development 1
11.1.10Psychodynamic Approach to Gender Development 2
11.1.11Social Approach to Gender Development
11.1.12Criticisms of Social Theory
11.1.13Media Influence on Gender Development
11.1.14Cross Cultural Research
11.1.15Childcare & Gender Roles
11.1.16End of Topic Test - Gender 1
11.1.17End of Topic Test - Gender 2
11.1.18End of Topic Test - Gender 3
11.2(2027 Exams) Gender (A2 only)
11.2.1Biological Sex
11.2.2The Role of Hormones in Biological Sex
11.2.3Biological Explanations of Gender Development
11.2.4Gender Identities & BSRI
11.2.5Kohlberg’s Theory of Gender Constancy
11.2.6Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory
11.2.7Gender Schema Theory
11.2.8Social Approach to Gender Development
11.2.9Criticisms of Social Theory
11.2.10Media Influence on Gender Development
11.2.11Gender Incongruence
11.2.12End of Topic Test - Gender
12Option 1: Cognition & Development (A2 only)
12.1Cognition & Development (A2 only)
12.1.1Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 1
12.1.2Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 2
12.1.3Schema Accommodation Assimilation & Equilibration
12.1.4Piaget & Inhelder’s Three Mountains Task (1956)
12.1.5Conservation & Class Inclusion
12.1.6Evaluation of Piaget
12.1.7Vygotsky
12.1.8Evaluation of Vygotsky
12.1.9Baillargeon
12.1.10Baillargeon's studies
12.1.11Evaluation of Baillargeon
12.1.12(2026 Exams) Sense of Self & Theory of Mind
12.1.13(2027 Exams) Sense of Self & Theory of Mind
12.1.14(2026 Exams) Baron-Cohen Studies
12.1.15(2027 Exams) Baron-Cohen Studies
12.1.16Selman’s Five Levels of Perspective Taking
12.1.17Biological Basis of Social Cognition
12.1.18Evaluation of Biological Basis of Social Cognition
12.1.19(2026 Exams) Issues in Social Neuroscience
12.1.20(2027 Exams) Issues in Social Neuroscience
12.1.21Top Grade AO2/AO3 - Cognition & Development
12.1.22End of Topic Test - Cognition & Development 1
12.1.23End of Topic Test - Cognition & Development 2
12.1.24(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Cognition 3
12.1.25(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Cognition 3
13Option 2: Schizophrenia (A2 only)
13.1Schizophrenia: Diagnosis (A2 only)
13.1.1(2026 Exam) Classification & Diagnosis
13.1.2(2026 Exam) Symptoms of Schizophrenia
13.1.3(2026 Exams) Reliability & Validity of Diagnosis
13.1.4(2027 Exam) Symptoms of Schizophrenia
13.1.5(2026 Exams) Gender & Cultural Bias
13.1.6(2027 Exams) Issues in Diagnosis
13.1.7Pinto (2017) & Copeland (1971)
13.1.8(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Schizophrenia
13.1.9(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Schizophrenia
13.2Schizophrenia: Treatment (A2 only)
13.2.1Family-Based Psychological Explanations
13.2.2Evaluation of Family-Based Explanations
13.2.3Cognitive Explanations
13.2.4Drug Therapies
13.2.5Evaluation of Drug Therapies
13.2.6Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia
13.2.7Dopamine Hypothesis
13.2.8(2026 Exams) Psychological Therapies 1
13.2.9(2027 Exams) Psychological Therapies 1
13.2.10(2026 Exams) Psychological Therapies 2
13.2.11(2027 Exams) Psychological Therapies 2
13.2.12Interactionist Approach - Diathesis-Stress Model
13.2.13Interactionist Approach - Triggers & Treatment
13.2.14Evaluation of the Interactionist Approach
13.2.15(2026 Exams) Evaluation of Psychological Therapies
13.2.16(2027 Exams) Evaluation of Psychological Therapies
13.2.17Diagnostic Misconceptions - CBT & CBTp
13.2.18End of Topic Test - Treatments 1
13.2.19(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Treatments 2
13.2.20(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Treatments 2
14Option 2: Eating Behaviour (A2 only)
14.1Eating Behaviour (A2 only)
14.1.1Explanations for Food Preferences
14.1.2Birch et al (1987) & Lowe et al (2004)
14.1.3Control of Eating Behaviours
14.1.4Control of Eating Behaviour: Leptin
14.1.5Biological Explanations for Anorexia Nervosa
14.1.6Psychological Explanations: Family Systems Theory
14.1.7Psychological Explanations: Social Learning Theory
14.1.8Psychological Explanations: Cognitive Theory
14.1.9Biological Explanations for Obesity
14.1.10Biological Explanations: Studies
14.1.11(2026 Exams) Psychological Explanations
14.1.12(2027 Exams) Psychological Explanations
14.1.13(2026 Exams) Psychological Explanations: Studies
14.1.14(2027 Exams) Psychological Explanations: Studies
14.1.15End of Topic Test - Eating Behaviour
15Option 2: Stress (A2 only)
15.1Stress (A2 only)
15.1.1Physiology of Stress
15.1.2Role of Stress in Illness
15.1.3Role of Stress in Illness: Studies
15.1.4Social Readjustment Rating Scales
15.1.5Hassles & Uplifts Scales
15.1.6Stress, Workload & Control
15.1.7Stress Level Studies
15.1.8Physiological Measures of Stress
15.1.9Individual Differences
15.1.10Stress & Gender
15.1.11(2026 Exams) Drug Therapy & Biofeedback for Stress
15.1.12(2027 Exams) Drug Therapy & Biofeedback for Stress
15.1.13Stress Inoculation Therapy
15.1.14Social Support & Stress
15.1.15End of Topic Test - Stress 1
15.1.16(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Stress 2
15.1.17(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Stress 2
16Option 3: Aggression (A2 only)
16.1Aggression: Physiological (A2 only)
16.1.1Neural Mechanisms
16.1.2Serotonin
16.1.3Hormonal Mechanisms
16.1.4Genetic Factors
16.1.5Genetic Factors 2
16.1.6Ethological Explanation
16.1.7Innate Releasing Mechanisms & Fixed Action Pattern
16.1.8Evolutionary Explanations
16.1.9Buss et al (1992) - Sex Differences in Jealousy
16.1.10Evaluation of Evolutionary Explanations
16.1.11End of Topic Test - Aggression: Physiological 1
16.1.12End of Topic Test - Aggression: Physiological 2
16.2Aggression: Social Psychological (A2 only)
16.2.1Social Psychological Explanation
16.2.2Buss (1963) - Frustration/Aggression
16.2.3Social Psychological Explanation 2
16.2.4Social Learning Theory (SLT) 1
16.2.5Social Learning Theory (SLT) 2
16.2.6Limitations of Social Learning Theory (SLT)
16.2.7Deindividuation
16.2.8Deindividuation 2
16.2.9Deindividuation - Diener et al (1976)
16.2.10End of Topic Test - Aggression: Social Psychology
16.2.11Institutional Aggression: Prisons
16.2.12Evaluation of Dispositional & Situational
16.2.13Influence of Computer Games
16.2.14Influence of Television
16.2.15Evaluation of Studies on Media
16.2.16Desensitisation & Disinhibition
16.2.17Cognitive Priming
16.2.18End of Topic Test - Aggression: Social Psychology
17Option 3: Forensic Psychology (A2 only)
17.1Forensic Psychology (A2 only)
17.1.1Defining Crime
17.1.2Measuring Crime
17.1.3(2026 Exams) Offender Profiling
17.1.4(2027 Exams) Offender Profiling
17.1.5Evaluation of Offender Profiling
17.1.6John Duffy Case Study
17.1.7(2026 Exams) Biological Explanations 1
17.1.8(2027 Exams) Biological Explanations 1
17.1.9Biological Explanations 2
17.1.10(2026 Exams) Evaluation- Biological Explanations
17.1.11(2027 Exams) Evaluation- Biological Explanations
17.1.12Cognitive Explanations
17.1.13Moral Reasoning
17.1.14(2026 Exams) Psychodynamic Explanation 1
17.1.15(2026 Exams) Psychodynamic Explanation 2
17.1.16Differential Association Theory
17.1.17Custodial Sentencing
17.1.18(2026 Exams) Effects of Prison
17.1.19(2027 Exams) Effects of Prison
17.1.20Evaluation of the Effects of Prison
17.1.21(2026 Exams) Recidivism
17.1.22Behavioural Treatments & Therapies
17.1.23Effectiveness of Behavioural Treatments
17.1.24Restorative Justice
17.1.25(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Forensic 1
17.1.26(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Forensic 2
17.1.27(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Forensic 1
17.1.28(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Forensic 2
18Option 3: Addiction (A2 only)
18.1Addiction (A2 only)
18.1.1Definition
18.1.2(2026 Exams) Brain Neurochemistry Explanation
18.1.3(2026 Exams) Learning Theory Explanation
18.1.4(2026 Exams) Evaluation of a Learning Theory
18.1.5(2027 Exams) Brain Neurochemistry Explanation
18.1.6(2027 Exams) Learning Theory Explanation
18.1.7(2027 Exams) Evaluation of a Learning Theory
18.1.8Cognitive Bias
18.1.9Griffiths on Cognitive Bias
18.1.10Evaluation of Cognitive Theory (A2 only)
18.1.11Gambling Addiction & Learning Theory
18.1.12(2026 Exams) Social Influences on Addiction 1
18.1.13(2027 Exams) Social Influences on Addiction 1
18.1.14Social Influences on Addiction 2
18.1.15Personal Influences on Addiction
18.1.16Genetic Explanations of Addiction
18.1.17(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Addiction 1
18.1.18(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Addiction 2
18.1.19(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Addiction 1
18.1.20(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Addiction 2
18.2Treating Addiction (A2 only)
18.2.1Drug Therapy
18.2.2Behavioural Interventions
18.2.3Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
18.2.4(2026 Exams) Theory of Reasoned Action
18.2.5(2026 Exams) Theory of Planned Behaviour
18.2.6Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change
18.2.7(2026 Exams) End of Topic Test - Treating
18.2.8(2027 Exams) End of Topic Test - Treating