(2027 Exams) Sense of Self & Theory of Mind

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Sense of Self

As we develop, we begin to develop our identity, our sense of self and a theory of mind. There are three important stages in the development of our sense of self: existential self, categorical self and identity crisis.

Sense of self concept

A sense of self is the concept whereby we can differentiate ourselves from other people.
We can express these differences using the correct language. - We know our experiences and are aware of our body image.
There are three stages in the development of our sense of self:
- Existential self, categorical self, identity crisis.

Existential self

Beginning at three months old, infants develop a sense of self.
They are able to differentiate themselves from objects and people around them.
They begin to develop object permanence (they understand objects exist even when they do not see them anymore, for example, a toy being covered by a blanket).

Categorical self

Beginning at the age of approximately two, when language development is also occurring, toddlers can use the correct language to distinguish themselves and describe themselves.
- For example, a two-year-old can say if they are a boy or girl, tall or short, their age, etc.

Categorical self cont.

Toddlers, as well, are described by other people such as caregivers and parents.
Others around them can influence their self-esteem by using different descriptors like silly, smart, or funny.
Positive and negative descriptors can impact self-esteem in different ways.

Identity crisis

Physical changes are not the only important changes that take place during puberty.
Adolescents are also discovering their true identity as they try new activities, plan for their future, and interact with their peers.
Erikson (1968) stated that they try out different roles to discover this true identity.

Theory of Mind

As one develops, we begin to develop our identity, our sense of self and a theory of mind. Theory of mind is how we understand that other people have different thoughts, emotions and feelings that are distinct from our own.

Theory of mind

Theory of mind is the concept where people are distinctly aware that other people have different thoughts, emotions and feelings.

Empathy

Having theory of mind is an important human quality as it gives us an understanding of other people's thoughts and emotions.
Theory of mind is important in the development of empathy.
By having this knowledge, we can predict and explain the actions of other people.
This is crucial in psychological studies, but also in everyday interactions with people.

Development

Theory of mind is said to develop around the age of four (according to Baron-Cohen et al.), though some have said it can develop in children as young as three.

Debates

As with many psychological concepts, the origins of theory of mind is debated.
Some say that it is an innate ability, where people are born with it.
Others believe that nurture and experience are of importance in theory of mind development.