1.3.2

Experiments

Test yourself

Experiments

Experiments are the primary means of conducting research in the natural sciences.

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Experiments

  • Experiments are used to test a hypothesis (a testable statement/an educated assertion that we do not know is true).
  • Experiments are seldom used in sociology by either positivists or interpretivists.
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Types of experiments

  • Laboratory experiments control variables and, as such, are usually conducted in artificial environments.
  • Field experiments are conducted in real-world settings, but variables remain tightly controlled.
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Strengths of experiments

  • The hypothesis can be tested in a controlled environment.
  • It is easy to isolate and manipulate variables to identify the causes of events (except in field experiments).
  • High reliability.
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Strengths cont.

  • Experiments allow for comparisons to be made with other experimental research.
  • The researcher is seen as a detached, objective observer which is considered to be more scientific.
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Field experiments

  • Field experiments are conducted in real-world environments and are therefore considered to be high in validity.
  • Field experiments are seen by interpretivists as producing more valid information.

Experiments & the Comparative Method

The experimental method has several weaknesses, making it inappropriate for some research projects. The Comparative method can be an option in these cases.

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Weaknesses of experiments

  • It’s difficult to isolate a single cause of a social issue.
  • There are ethical problems, in that the researcher needs to treat one group of participants differently to another, raising the possibility of negative consequences on one group.
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Weaknesses cont.

  • Experiments often involve deception, where the researcher isn’t honest with the participants about certain aspects of the experiment, this makes it difficult to obtain informed consent.
  • Experiments are often only practical in small-scale settings, which may be unrepresentative.
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Weaknesses part 3

  • Conditions are often artificial so they cannot always be applied to real-world settings.
  • The risk of the Hawthorne effect can undermine validity.
  • In field experiments, researchers can’t control all variables, making it difficult to establish cause and effect.
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The comparative method

  • The comparative method retains the main principles of the experiment but collects data on different societies or social groups and then compares them with another society or group.

Jump to other topics

1Theory & Methods

2Education with Methods in Context

3Option 1: Culture & Identity

4Option 1: Families & Households

5Option 1: Health

6Option 1: Work, Poverty & Welfare

7Option 2: Beliefs in Society

8Option 2: Global Development

9Option 2: The Media

10Crime & Deviance

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