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  1. Revision notes
  2. GCSE
  3. Chemistry
  4. AQA
  5. Higher
  6. Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure

Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure

Chemistry: AQA GCSE Higher, topic 2.3.23

Test yourself on Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure

  • What is the charge on a carbonate ion?

  • Use a dot and cross diagram to answer the following question.
    How many double bonds and single bonds are there in a carbonate ion?

Practise this topic for free
Previous topic2.3.22 End of Topic Test - Chemical BondingNext topic2.3.24 Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon

Chemistry: AQA GCSE Higher contents

  1. 1 Atomic Structure

    • 1.1 Atoms & Elements

      • 1.1.1 Elements & Compounds
      • 1.1.2 Chemical Formula
      • 1.1.3 Chemical Reactions
      • 1.1.4 Chemical Equations
      • 1.1.5 Mixtures
      • 1.1.6 Separating Mixtures
      • 1.1.7 Separating Mixtures 2
      • 1.1.8 Model of the Atom
      • 1.1.9 Sub-Atomic Particles
      • 1.1.10 Atom Size
      • 1.1.11 Atomic Number
      • 1.1.12 Atomic Number - Calculations
      • 1.1.13 Isotopes
      • 1.1.14 Isotopes HyperLearning
      • 1.1.15 Isotopes - Calculations
      • 1.1.16 Relative Atomic Mass
      • 1.1.17 Electron Structure
      • 1.1.18 Periodic Table
      • 1.1.19 The History of the Periodic Table
      • 1.1.20 Metals & Non-Metals
      • 1.1.21 Noble Gases
      • 1.1.22 Displacement Reaction
      • 1.1.23 Halogens
      • 1.1.24 Alkali Metals
      • 1.1.25 Alkali Metals - Properties
      • 1.1.26 Transition Metals
      • 1.1.27 Transition Metals - Special Properties
      • 1.1.28 End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure
      • 1.1.29 Grade 9 - Atoms & Elements
      • 1.1.30 Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure
      • 1.1.31 Application Questions - Atomic Structure
      • 1.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Balancing Equations
      • 1.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Isotopes
  2. 2 Chemical Bonding

    • 2.1 Chemical Bonds

      • 2.1.1 Types of Bonds
      • 2.1.2 Ions
      • 2.1.3 Ionic Bonds
      • 2.1.4 Ionic Compounds
      • 2.1.5 Empirical Formulae
      • 2.1.6 Covalent Bonds
      • 2.1.7 Metallic Bonds
      • 2.1.8 Covalent Bond Examples
      • 2.1.9 Representing Covalent Bonds
      • 2.1.10 Dots-And-Cross Diagrams
      • 2.1.11 Dots-And-Cross Diagrams 2
      • 2.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Chemical Bonds
    • 2.2 States of Matter

      • 2.2.1 States of Matter
      • 2.2.2 Simple Sphere
      • 2.2.3 Changing State
      • 2.2.4 Changing State 2
      • 2.2.5 Changing State HyperLearning
      • 2.2.6 State Symbols
      • 2.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - States of Matter
      • 2.2.8 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Particles
    • 2.3 Chemical Properties

      • 2.3.1 Ionic Compounds
      • 2.3.2 Chemical Properties of Ionic Compounds
      • 2.3.3 Small Molecules
      • 2.3.4 Chemical Properties of Small Molecules
      • 2.3.5 Molecular Forces - Polymers
      • 2.3.6 Molecular Forces - Polypropene
      • 2.3.7 Giant Covalent Structures
      • 2.3.8 Metals
      • 2.3.9 Alloys
      • 2.3.10 Conductors
      • 2.3.11 Carbon Structures - Diamond
      • 2.3.12 Carbon Structures - Graphite
      • 2.3.13 Carbon Structures - Graphene
      • 2.3.14 Carbon Structures - Fullerenes
      • 2.3.15 Carbon Structures - Summary
      • 2.3.16 Clumps
      • 2.3.17 Nanoparticles
      • 2.3.18 Nanotechnology
      • 2.3.19 Nanotechnology 2
      • 2.3.20 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
      • 2.3.21 Nanotechnology Uses
      • 2.3.22 End of Topic Test - Chemical Bonding
      • 2.3.23 Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure
      • 2.3.24 Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon
      • 2.3.25 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conducting Electricity
      • 2.3.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Small Molecules
      • 2.3.27 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Drawing Polymers
  3. 3 Quantitative Chemistry

    • 3.1 Chemical Measurements

      • 3.1.1 Conservation of Mass
      • 3.1.2 Relative Formula Mass
      • 3.1.3 Calculating Relative Formula Mass
      • 3.1.4 Relative Formula Mass - Calculations
      • 3.1.5 Changing Mass
      • 3.1.6 Measuring Mass
      • 3.1.7 Equations
      • 3.1.8 Empirical Formula
      • 3.1.9 Introducing Moles
      • 3.1.10 Relative Formula Mass
      • 3.1.11 Amounts of Substance
      • 3.1.12 Moles to Balance Equations
      • 3.1.13 Limiting Reactants
      • 3.1.14 Concentration of Solutions
      • 3.1.15 Moles - Calculations
      • 3.1.16 Percentage Yield
      • 3.1.17 Calculating Yield
      • 3.1.18 Percentage Yield - Calculations
      • 3.1.19 Moles & Yield
      • 3.1.20 Moles & Yield 2
      • 3.1.21 Atom Economy
      • 3.1.22 Reaction Pathway
      • 3.1.23 Atom Economy - Calculations
      • 3.1.24 Concentrations of Solute
      • 3.1.25 Calculating the Amount of Solute
      • 3.1.26 Amount of Substance in Relation to Volumes and Gas
      • 3.1.27 Concentrations & Amounts - Calculations
      • 3.1.28 Empirical Formula - Calculations
      • 3.1.29 End of Topic Test - Quant Chemistry
      • 3.1.30 Grade 9 - Quantitative Chemistry
      • 3.1.31 Exam-Style Questions - Moles
      • 3.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculating RFM
      • 3.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Moles
  4. 4 Chemical Changes

    • 4.1 Acids, Alkalis & Redox Reactions

      • 4.1.1 Acids & Alkalis
      • 4.1.2 Redox Reactions - Oxidation
      • 4.1.3 Redox Reactions - Metal Oxide
    • 4.2 Reactivity of Metals

      • 4.2.1 Reactivity Diagram
      • 4.2.2 Displacement Reactions
      • 4.2.3 Displacement Reactions - Halogens
      • 4.2.4 Reactions with Water
      • 4.2.5 Reactions with Acid
      • 4.2.6 Reactivity Tests
      • 4.2.7 Reactivity Tests 2
      • 4.2.8 Extraction of Metals
      • 4.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Displacement Reactions
    • 4.3 Reactions of Acids

      • 4.3.1 Reactions of Metals with Acids
      • 4.3.2 Redox Reactions
      • 4.3.3 Neutralisation of Acids
      • 4.3.4 Soluble Salts
      • 4.3.5 Required Practical: Separating Mixtures
      • 4.3.6 The pH Scale
      • 4.3.7 Numerical pH Scale
      • 4.3.8 Measuring pH
      • 4.3.9 Neutralisation & Titrations
      • 4.3.10 Neutralisation & Titrations 2
      • 4.3.11 Neutralisation & Titrations 3
      • 4.3.12 Neutralisation & Titrations 4
      • 4.3.13 Strong and Weak Acids
      • 4.3.14 Required Practical: Titration
    • 4.4 Electrolysis

      • 4.4.1 Electrolysis Process
      • 4.4.2 Molten Ionic Compound
      • 4.4.3 Metal Extraction
      • 4.4.4 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
      • 4.4.5 Required Practical: Electrolysis
      • 4.4.6 Half Equations
      • 4.4.7 End of Topic Test - Chemical Changes
      • 4.4.8 Grade 9 - Chemical Changes
      • 4.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Electrolysis
  5. 5 Energy Changes

    • 5.1 Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions

      • 5.1.1 Energy Conservation
      • 5.1.2 Exothermic Reactions
      • 5.1.3 Endothermic Reactions
      • 5.1.4 Required Practical: Temperature Changes
      • 5.1.5 Reaction Profiles Requirements
      • 5.1.6 Reaction Profiles
      • 5.1.7 Reaction Profiles - Catalysed vs Uncatalysed
      • 5.1.8 Reaction Profiles - Chemical Bonds
      • 5.1.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Source of Energy
    • 5.2 Chemical Cells & Fuel Cells

      • 5.2.1 Chemical Cells
      • 5.2.2 Changing Voltage Output
      • 5.2.3 Batteries
      • 5.2.4 Charging of Cells
      • 5.2.5 Fuel Cells
      • 5.2.6 Hydrogen Fuel Cell
      • 5.2.7 Hydrogen as an Alternative
      • 5.2.8 End of Topic Test - Energy Changes
      • 5.2.9 Grade 9 - Energy Changes
      • 5.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Fuel Cells
  6. 6 The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change

    • 6.1 Rate of Reaction

      • 6.1.1 Chemical Reactions
      • 6.1.2 Plotting Reaction Rates
      • 6.1.3 Required Practical: Effect of Concentration
      • 6.1.4 Collision Theory
      • 6.1.5 Key Factors of Rate of Reaction
      • 6.1.6 Catalysts
      • 6.1.7 Catalysts in Industry
    • 6.2 Reversible Reactions

      • 6.2.1 Reversible Reactions
      • 6.2.2 Dynamic Equilibrium
      • 6.2.3 Conditions and Equilibrium
      • 6.2.4 Equilibrium Position - Temperature
      • 6.2.5 Equilibrium Position - Pressure
      • 6.2.6 Equilibrium Position - Concentration
      • 6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Rates of Reaction
      • 6.2.8 Grade 9 - Rate & Extent of Chemical Change
      • 6.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Reversible Reactions
      • 6.2.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Temperature
      • 6.2.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pressure
      • 6.2.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentration
      • 6.2.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Catalysts
  7. 7 Organic Chemistry

    • 7.1 Carbon Compounds

      • 7.1.1 Crude Oil
      • 7.1.2 Properties of Hydrocarbons
      • 7.1.3 Alkanes
      • 7.1.4 Smallest Alkanes
      • 7.1.5 Fractional Distillation
      • 7.1.6 Process of Fractional Distillation
      • 7.1.7 Homologous Series
      • 7.1.8 Burning Hydrocarbons
      • 7.1.9 Heavy Fractions of Crude Oil
      • 7.1.10 Cracking
      • 7.1.11 Uses of Alkenes
      • 7.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Organic Compounds
    • 7.2 Alkenes & Alcohols

      • 7.2.1 Structure of Alkenes
      • 7.2.2 The Shortest Alkenes
      • 7.2.3 Reactions of Alkenes
      • 7.2.4 Types of Alkene Reactions
      • 7.2.5 Alcohols
      • 7.2.6 The Smallest Alcohols
      • 7.2.7 Reactions of Alcohols
      • 7.2.8 Fermentation
      • 7.2.9 Carboxylic Acids
      • 7.2.10 The Smallest Carboxylic Acids
      • 7.2.11 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
      • 7.2.12 Addition Polymers
      • 7.2.13 Addition Polymers Examples
      • 7.2.14 Condensation Polymers
      • 7.2.15 Amino Acids
      • 7.2.16 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Protein (Formation)
      • 7.2.17 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Protein (Roles)
      • 7.2.18 Naturally Occurring Polymers - DNA
      • 7.2.19 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Others
      • 7.2.20 End of Topic Test - Alkanes & Alkenes
      • 7.2.21 End of Topic Test - Alcohols, Acids & Polymers
      • 7.2.22 Grade 9 - Organic Chemistry
      • 7.2.23 Exam-Style Questions - Alcohols
  8. 8 Chemical Analysis

    • 8.1 Purity, Formulations & Chromatography

      • 8.1.1 Purity
      • 8.1.2 Formulations
      • 8.1.3 Chromatography
      • 8.1.4 Paper Chromatography 1
      • 8.1.5 Paper Chromatography 2
      • 8.1.6 Required Practical - Paper Chromatography
      • 8.1.7 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Purity
    • 8.2 Identification of Common Gases

      • 8.2.1 Identification of Hydrogen
      • 8.2.2 Identification of Oxygen
      • 8.2.3 Identification of Carbon Dioxide
      • 8.2.4 Identification of Chlorine
    • 8.3 Identifying Ions

      • 8.3.1 Flame Tests
      • 8.3.2 Required Practical: Flame Tests
      • 8.3.3 Metal Hydroxides
      • 8.3.4 Metal Hydroxides 2
      • 8.3.5 Carbonates
      • 8.3.6 Halides
      • 8.3.7 Sulfates
      • 8.3.8 Methodology for Chemical Analysis
      • 8.3.9 Methodology for Chemical Analysis 2
      • 8.3.10 Flame Emission Spectroscopy
      • 8.3.11 Flame Emission Spectroscopy Analysis
      • 8.3.12 End of Topic Test - Chemical Analysis
      • 8.3.13 Grade 9 - Chemical Analysis
      • 8.3.14 Exam-Style Questions - Identification of ions
  9. 9 Chemistry of the Atmosphere

    • 9.1 The Earth's Atmosphere

      • 9.1.1 Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere
      • 9.1.2 The Earth's Early Atmosphere
      • 9.1.3 Oxygen in the Atmosphere
      • 9.1.4 Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
      • 9.1.5 Greenhouse Gases
      • 9.1.6 Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities
      • 9.1.7 Greenhouse Gases & Climate
      • 9.1.8 Climate Change
      • 9.1.9 Carbon Footprints
      • 9.1.10 Carbon Footprints Barriers
      • 9.1.11 Common Atmospheric Pollutants
      • 9.1.12 Properties of Atmospheric Pollutants
      • 9.1.13 End of Topic Test - The Earth
      • 9.1.14 Grade 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere
      • 9.1.15 Exam-Style Questions - Earth's Atmosphere
      • 9.1.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Greenhouse Effect
  10. 10 Using Resources

    • 10.1 Using the Earth's Resources

      • 10.1.1 Potable Water
      • 10.1.2 Potable Water Sources
      • 10.1.3 Potable Water in the UK
      • 10.1.4 Potable Water in Saudi Arabia
      • 10.1.5 Required Practical: Analysing and Purifying Water
      • 10.1.6 Natural Resources
      • 10.1.7 Uses of Natural Resources
      • 10.1.8 Waste Water
      • 10.1.9 Sewage Treatment
      • 10.1.10 Metal Ore Extraction
      • 10.1.11 Properties of Copper
      • 10.1.12 Overexploitation of Extraction Methods
      • 10.1.13 Alternative Extraction Methods
    • 10.2 Life Cycle Assessments & Recycling

      • 10.2.1 Life Cycle Assessments
      • 10.2.2 Comparative Life Cycle Assessments
      • 10.2.3 Difficulties with LCA
      • 10.2.4 Reducing Resource Usage
      • 10.2.5 Reducing Use of Glass
      • 10.2.6 Reducing Use of Metal
      • 10.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - Life Cycle Assessments
    • 10.3 Using Materials

      • 10.3.1 Corrosion
      • 10.3.2 Preventing Corrosion
      • 10.3.3 Alloys
      • 10.3.4 Ceramics
      • 10.3.5 Polymers
      • 10.3.6 Composites
    • 10.4 The Haber Process & NPK Fertilisers

      • 10.4.1 Plants and Nitrogen
      • 10.4.2 The Haber Process
      • 10.4.3 The Haber Process - Equation
      • 10.4.4 The Haber Process - Trade-Offs
      • 10.4.5 Importance of Fertilisers
      • 10.4.6 Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers
      • 10.4.7 NPK Fertilisers - N-containing Compound
      • 10.4.8 NPK Fertilisers - P-containing Compound
      • 10.4.9 NPK Fertilisers - K-containing Compound
      • 10.4.10 Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium
      • 10.4.11 End of Topic Test - Resources
      • 10.4.12 Grade 9 - Using Resources
      • 10.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - The Haber Process

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