Chemistry: AQA GCSE Higher revision notes
1 Atomic Structure
1.1 Atoms & Elements
- 1.1.1 Elements & Compounds
- 1.1.2 Chemical Formula
- 1.1.3 Chemical Reactions
- 1.1.4 Chemical Equations
- 1.1.5 Mixtures
- 1.1.6 Separating Mixtures
- 1.1.7 Separating Mixtures 2
- 1.1.8 Model of the Atom
- 1.1.9 Sub-Atomic Particles
- 1.1.10 Atom Size
- 1.1.11 Atomic Number
- 1.1.12 Atomic Number - Calculations
- 1.1.13 Isotopes
- 1.1.14 Isotopes HyperLearning
- 1.1.15 Isotopes - Calculations
- 1.1.16 Relative Atomic Mass
- 1.1.17 Electron Structure
- 1.1.18 Periodic Table
- 1.1.19 The History of the Periodic Table
- 1.1.20 Metals & Non-Metals
- 1.1.21 Noble Gases
- 1.1.22 Displacement Reaction
- 1.1.23 Halogens
- 1.1.24 Alkali Metals
- 1.1.25 Alkali Metals - Properties
- 1.1.26 Transition Metals
- 1.1.27 Transition Metals - Special Properties
- 1.1.28 End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure
- 1.1.29 Grade 9 - Atoms & Elements
- 1.1.30 Exam-Style Questions - Atomic Structure
- 1.1.31 Application Questions - Atomic Structure
- 1.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Balancing Equations
- 1.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Isotopes
2 Chemical Bonding
2.1 Chemical Bonds
2.3 Chemical Properties
- 2.3.1 Ionic Compounds
- 2.3.2 Chemical Properties of Ionic Compounds
- 2.3.3 Small Molecules
- 2.3.4 Chemical Properties of Small Molecules
- 2.3.5 Molecular Forces - Polymers
- 2.3.6 Molecular Forces - Polypropene
- 2.3.7 Giant Covalent Structures
- 2.3.8 Metals
- 2.3.9 Alloys
- 2.3.10 Conductors
- 2.3.11 Carbon Structures - Diamond
- 2.3.12 Carbon Structures - Graphite
- 2.3.13 Carbon Structures - Graphene
- 2.3.14 Carbon Structures - Fullerenes
- 2.3.15 Carbon Structures - Summary
- 2.3.16 Clumps
- 2.3.17 Nanoparticles
- 2.3.18 Nanotechnology
- 2.3.19 Nanotechnology 2
- 2.3.20 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
- 2.3.21 Nanotechnology Uses
- 2.3.22 End of Topic Test - Chemical Bonding
- 2.3.23 Grade 9 - Bonding & Structure
- 2.3.24 Exam-Style Questions - Allotropes of Carbon
- 2.3.25 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Conducting Electricity
- 2.3.26 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Small Molecules
- 2.3.27 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Drawing Polymers
3 Quantitative Chemistry
3.1 Chemical Measurements
- 3.1.1 Conservation of Mass
- 3.1.2 Relative Formula Mass
- 3.1.3 Calculating Relative Formula Mass
- 3.1.4 Relative Formula Mass - Calculations
- 3.1.5 Changing Mass
- 3.1.6 Measuring Mass
- 3.1.7 Equations
- 3.1.8 Empirical Formula
- 3.1.9 Introducing Moles
- 3.1.10 Relative Formula Mass
- 3.1.11 Amounts of Substance
- 3.1.12 Moles to Balance Equations
- 3.1.13 Limiting Reactants
- 3.1.14 Concentration of Solutions
- 3.1.15 Moles - Calculations
- 3.1.16 Percentage Yield
- 3.1.17 Calculating Yield
- 3.1.18 Percentage Yield - Calculations
- 3.1.19 Moles & Yield
- 3.1.20 Moles & Yield 2
- 3.1.21 Atom Economy
- 3.1.22 Reaction Pathway
- 3.1.23 Atom Economy - Calculations
- 3.1.24 Concentrations of Solute
- 3.1.25 Calculating the Amount of Solute
- 3.1.26 Amount of Substance in Relation to Volumes and Gas
- 3.1.27 Concentrations & Amounts - Calculations
- 3.1.28 Empirical Formula - Calculations
- 3.1.29 End of Topic Test - Quant Chemistry
- 3.1.30 Grade 9 - Quantitative Chemistry
- 3.1.31 Exam-Style Questions - Moles
- 3.1.32 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Calculating RFM
- 3.1.33 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Moles
4 Chemical Changes
4.1 Acids, Alkalis & Redox Reactions
4.3 Reactions of Acids
- 4.3.1 Reactions of Metals with Acids
- 4.3.2 Redox Reactions
- 4.3.3 Neutralisation of Acids
- 4.3.4 Soluble Salts
- 4.3.5 Required Practical: Separating Mixtures
- 4.3.6 The pH Scale
- 4.3.7 Numerical pH Scale
- 4.3.8 Measuring pH
- 4.3.9 Neutralisation & Titrations
- 4.3.10 Neutralisation & Titrations 2
- 4.3.11 Neutralisation & Titrations 3
- 4.3.12 Neutralisation & Titrations 4
- 4.3.13 Strong and Weak Acids
- 4.3.14 Required Practical: Titration
4.4 Electrolysis
5 Energy Changes
5.1 Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
- 5.1.1 Energy Conservation
- 5.1.2 Exothermic Reactions
- 5.1.3 Endothermic Reactions
- 5.1.4 Required Practical: Temperature Changes
- 5.1.5 Reaction Profiles Requirements
- 5.1.6 Reaction Profiles
- 5.1.7 Reaction Profiles - Catalysed vs Uncatalysed
- 5.1.8 Reaction Profiles - Chemical Bonds
- 5.1.9 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Source of Energy
5.2 Chemical Cells & Fuel Cells
6 The Rate & Extent of Chemical Change
6.2 Reversible Reactions
- 6.2.1 Reversible Reactions
- 6.2.2 Dynamic Equilibrium
- 6.2.3 Conditions and Equilibrium
- 6.2.4 Equilibrium Position - Temperature
- 6.2.5 Equilibrium Position - Pressure
- 6.2.6 Equilibrium Position - Concentration
- 6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Rates of Reaction
- 6.2.8 Grade 9 - Rate & Extent of Chemical Change
- 6.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Reversible Reactions
- 6.2.10 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Temperature
- 6.2.11 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Pressure
- 6.2.12 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentration
- 6.2.13 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Catalysts
7 Organic Chemistry
7.1 Carbon Compounds
- 7.1.1 Crude Oil
- 7.1.2 Properties of Hydrocarbons
- 7.1.3 Alkanes
- 7.1.4 Smallest Alkanes
- 7.1.5 Fractional Distillation
- 7.1.6 Process of Fractional Distillation
- 7.1.7 Homologous Series
- 7.1.8 Burning Hydrocarbons
- 7.1.9 Heavy Fractions of Crude Oil
- 7.1.10 Cracking
- 7.1.11 Uses of Alkenes
- 7.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Organic Compounds
7.2 Alkenes & Alcohols
- 7.2.1 Structure of Alkenes
- 7.2.2 The Shortest Alkenes
- 7.2.3 Reactions of Alkenes
- 7.2.4 Types of Alkene Reactions
- 7.2.5 Alcohols
- 7.2.6 The Smallest Alcohols
- 7.2.7 Reactions of Alcohols
- 7.2.8 Fermentation
- 7.2.9 Carboxylic Acids
- 7.2.10 The Smallest Carboxylic Acids
- 7.2.11 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
- 7.2.12 Addition Polymers
- 7.2.13 Addition Polymers Examples
- 7.2.14 Condensation Polymers
- 7.2.15 Amino Acids
- 7.2.16 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Protein (Formation)
- 7.2.17 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Protein (Roles)
- 7.2.18 Naturally Occurring Polymers - DNA
- 7.2.19 Naturally Occurring Polymers - Others
- 7.2.20 End of Topic Test - Alkanes & Alkenes
- 7.2.21 End of Topic Test - Alcohols, Acids & Polymers
- 7.2.22 Grade 9 - Organic Chemistry
- 7.2.23 Exam-Style Questions - Alcohols
8 Chemical Analysis
8.2 Identification of Common Gases
8.3 Identifying Ions
- 8.3.1 Flame Tests
- 8.3.2 Required Practical: Flame Tests
- 8.3.3 Metal Hydroxides
- 8.3.4 Metal Hydroxides 2
- 8.3.5 Carbonates
- 8.3.6 Halides
- 8.3.7 Sulfates
- 8.3.8 Methodology for Chemical Analysis
- 8.3.9 Methodology for Chemical Analysis 2
- 8.3.10 Flame Emission Spectroscopy
- 8.3.11 Flame Emission Spectroscopy Analysis
- 8.3.12 End of Topic Test - Chemical Analysis
- 8.3.13 Grade 9 - Chemical Analysis
- 8.3.14 Exam-Style Questions - Identification of ions
9 Chemistry of the Atmosphere
9.1 The Earth's Atmosphere
- 9.1.1 Proportions of Gases in the Atmosphere
- 9.1.2 The Earth's Early Atmosphere
- 9.1.3 Oxygen in the Atmosphere
- 9.1.4 Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
- 9.1.5 Greenhouse Gases
- 9.1.6 Greenhouse Gases & Human Activities
- 9.1.7 Greenhouse Gases & Climate
- 9.1.8 Climate Change
- 9.1.9 Carbon Footprints
- 9.1.10 Carbon Footprints Barriers
- 9.1.11 Common Atmospheric Pollutants
- 9.1.12 Properties of Atmospheric Pollutants
- 9.1.13 End of Topic Test - The Earth
- 9.1.14 Grade 9 - Chemistry of the Atmosphere
- 9.1.15 Exam-Style Questions - Earth's Atmosphere
- 9.1.16 Diagnostic Misconceptions - Greenhouse Effect
10 Using Resources
10.1 Using the Earth's Resources
- 10.1.1 Potable Water
- 10.1.2 Potable Water Sources
- 10.1.3 Potable Water in the UK
- 10.1.4 Potable Water in Saudi Arabia
- 10.1.5 Required Practical: Analysing and Purifying Water
- 10.1.6 Natural Resources
- 10.1.7 Uses of Natural Resources
- 10.1.8 Waste Water
- 10.1.9 Sewage Treatment
- 10.1.10 Metal Ore Extraction
- 10.1.11 Properties of Copper
- 10.1.12 Overexploitation of Extraction Methods
- 10.1.13 Alternative Extraction Methods
10.4 The Haber Process & NPK Fertilisers
- 10.4.1 Plants and Nitrogen
- 10.4.2 The Haber Process
- 10.4.3 The Haber Process - Equation
- 10.4.4 The Haber Process - Trade-Offs
- 10.4.5 Importance of Fertilisers
- 10.4.6 Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers
- 10.4.7 NPK Fertilisers - N-containing Compound
- 10.4.8 NPK Fertilisers - P-containing Compound
- 10.4.9 NPK Fertilisers - K-containing Compound
- 10.4.10 Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium
- 10.4.11 End of Topic Test - Resources
- 10.4.12 Grade 9 - Using Resources
- 10.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - The Haber Process