Dots-And-Cross Diagrams 2

Chemistry: AQA GCSE Higher, topic 2.1.11

Dot-and-Cross Diagrams

Dot-and-cross diagrams can be used to represent covalent bonds and to show the sharing of electron pairs.

Each chlorine (Cl) atom begins with 7 electrons in its outer shell.
By sharing 1 pair of electrons in a single covalent bond, each Cl atom obtains a full outer shell with 8 electrons.

Because oxygen has 6 electrons in its outer shell, it needs to have 2 extra electrons shared with it to get a full outer electron shell.
To do this, it forms a single covalent bond with 2 hydrogen atoms.

The earlier examples show single covalent bonds (1 shared pair of electrons between atoms), but it is also possible to form double (2 shared pairs) and even triple covalent bonds (3 shared pairs).
Double and triple bonds are normally stronger and require more energy to break.

Each oxygen needs 2 electrons to get a full outer shell.
So, each oxygen atom shares 2 electrons with the other, leaving 2 pairs of electrons in the shared space between the atoms.
This is an example of a double covalent bond.

Nitrogen atoms have 5 electrons in their outer shell. What type of bond forms between 2 nitrogen atoms?
When compared with single covalent bonds, double and triple covalent bonds...
Oxygen atoms have 6 electrons in their outer shell. What type of covalent bond forms between 2 oxygen atoms?
Why does an oxygen atom form single covalent bonds with 2 hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water?
Chlorine atoms have 7 electrons in their outer shell. What type of covalent bond forms between 2 chlorine atoms?