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IGCSE
Biology
Cambridge International
Higher
Microscopy - Calculations

Microscopy - Calculations

Biology: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement, topic 2.2.4

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Previous topic2.2.3 Orders of Magnitude Next topic2.2.5 Converting Measurements

Biology: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement contents

1 Classification of Living Organisms
- 1.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms
  1.1.1 MRS GREN
  1.1.2 M.R.S.
  1.1.3 G.R.E.N.
- 1.2 Concept and Uses of Classification Systems
  1.2.1 Classification
  1.2.2 Linnaean Classification
  1.2.3 Ancestors & DNA
  1.2.4 Dichotomous Keys
- 1.3 Features of Organisms
  1.3.1 Kingdoms - Animals & Plants
  1.3.2 Kingdoms - Fungi, Prokaryotes, Protoctista
  1.3.3 Vertebrates
  1.3.4 Anthropods
  1.3.5 Plant Classification
  1.3.6 Cellular Structures - Cells
  1.3.7 Cellular Structures - Viruses
2 Organisation of the Organism
- 2.1 Cell Structure
  2.1.1 Animal Cells
  2.1.2 Plant Cells
  2.1.3 Properties of Prokaryotes
  2.1.4 Cells & Tissues
  2.1.5 Organs
  2.1.6 Organ Systems
  2.1.7 Organisms
  2.1.8 Ciliated Cells
  2.1.9 Root Hair Cells & Palisade Mesophyll Cells
  2.1.10 Neurones
  2.1.11 Red Blood Cells
  2.1.12 Sperm & Egg Cells
- 2.2 Size of Specimens
  2.2.1 Magnification
  2.2.2 Microscopy
  2.2.3 Orders of Magnitude
  2.2.4 Microscopy - Calculations
  2.2.5 Converting Measurements
  2.2.6 End of Topic Test - Cells
  2.2.7 Exam-Style Questions - Cell Structure & Microscopy
3 Movement Into & Out of Cells
4 Biological Molecules
- 4.1 Biological Molecules
  4.1.1 Chemical Elements
  4.1.2 Larger Molecules
  4.1.3 Testing for Biological Molecules
  4.1.4 DNA
  4.1.5 DNA Pairings
5 Enzymes
- 5.1 Enzymes
  5.1.1 Enzymes
  5.1.2 Rate of Enzyme Action
  5.1.3 Investigating Rate
  5.1.4 End of Topic Test - Enzymes
  5.1.5 Grade 9 - Enzymes
6 Plant Nutrition
- 6.1 Photosynthesis
  6.1.1 Photosynthesis
  6.1.2 Photosynthesis - Plant Gas Exchange
  6.1.3 Uses of Glucose
  6.1.4 Ion Deficiency Conditions
  6.1.5 Rate of Photosynthesis
  6.1.6 Photosynthesis Experiments
  6.1.7 Photosynthesis Equation
  6.1.8 Photosynthesis - Calculations
  6.1.9 Limiting Factors
  6.1.10 Limiting Factors 2
  6.1.11 Grade 9 - Photosynthesis Experiment
  6.1.12 Exam-Style Questions - Photosynthesis
- 6.2 Leaf Structure
  6.2.1 Leaf Structure
  6.2.2 Stomata
  6.2.3 Plant Tissues
  6.2.4 Leaf Adaptations
  6.2.5 End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis
7 Human Nutrition
- 7.1 Diet
  7.1.1 Diet
  7.1.2 Vitamins & Minerals
  7.1.3 Scurvy & Rickets
- 7.2 Digestive System
  7.2.1 Digestive System
  7.2.2 Functions of the Digestive System
  7.2.3 Steps of Digestion
- 7.3 Physical Digestion
  7.3.1 Physical Digestion - Human Tooth
  7.3.2 Teeth Types
  7.3.3 Tooth Diseases
- 7.4 Chemical Digestion
  7.4.1 Digestive Enzymes
  7.4.2 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Amylases
  7.4.3 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Proteases
  7.4.4 Examples of Digestive Enzymes - Lipases
  7.4.5 Chemical Digestion - Stomach
  7.4.6 Exam-Style Questions - Digestive Enzymes
  7.4.7 Pepsin & Trypsin
- 7.5 Absorption
  7.5.1 Small Intestine
  7.5.2 Villi
8 Transport in Plants
- 8.1 Xylem & Phloem
  8.1.1 Plant Vessels
  8.1.2 Specialised Plant Cells - Xylem
- 8.2 Water Uptake
  8.2.1 Water Uptake
  8.2.2 Specialised Plant Cells - Root Hair
  8.2.3 Exam-Style Questions - Transport in Plants
- 8.3 Transpiration
  8.3.1 Transpiration
  8.3.2 Transpiration Tissues - Xylem
  8.3.3 States of Stomata
  8.3.4 Rate of Transpiration
  8.3.5 Measuring Transpiration
- 8.4 Translocation
  8.4.1 Translocation Tissues - Phloem
  8.4.2 Translocation
  8.4.3 End of Topic Test - Plant Transport
9 Transport in Animals
10 Diseases & Immunity
- 10.1 Diseases & Immunity
  10.1.1 Health Issues
  10.1.2 Causing Diseases
  10.1.3 Preventing Infection
  10.1.4 Human Defence Systems - Non-Specific Defences
  10.1.5 Human Defence Systems - Immune Systems
  10.1.6 Cholera
  10.1.7 Antibodies
  10.1.8 Vaccination & Immunity
  10.1.9 Passive Immunity
  10.1.10 Viruses
  10.1.11 End of Topic Test - Health & Disease
11 Gas Exchange in Humans
- 11.1 Gas Exchange in Humans
  11.1.1 Exchange Surface
  11.1.2 Lung Gas Exchange
  11.1.3 Alveoli
  11.1.4 Breathing Process
  11.1.5 Breathing Composition
  11.1.6 Breathing & Exercise
  11.1.7 Thorax
12 Respiration
- 12.1 Respiration
  12.1.1 Respiration Uses
  12.1.2 Investigating Respiration
  12.1.3 End of Topic Test - Respiration
  12.1.4 Exam-Style Questions - Respiration During Exercise
- 12.2 Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
  12.2.1 Respiration Reactions
  12.2.2 Oxygen Use & Debt
  12.2.3 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
13 Excretion in Humans
- 13.1 Excretion in Humans
  13.1.1 Excretion in Humans
  13.1.2 Urea
  13.1.3 Water Balance
  13.1.4 Water in Urine
  13.1.5 The Kidneys
  13.1.6 Urine Production
  13.1.7 Urinary System
  13.1.8 Kidney Transplants
  13.1.9 Kidney Transplants - Pros & Cons
14 Coordination & Response
15 Drugs
- 15.1 Drugs
  15.1.1 Antibiotics
  15.1.2 Antibiotic Resistance
  15.1.3 Resistant Bacteria
16 Reproduction
- 16.1 Asexual Reproduction
  16.1.1 Asexual Reproduction
  16.1.2 Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
- 16.2 Sexual Reproduction
  16.2.1 Sexual Reproduction
  16.2.2 Gametes vs. Zygotes
  16.2.3 Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
- 16.3 Sexual Reproduction in Plants
  16.3.1 Flower Anatomy
  16.3.2 Pollination Methods
  16.3.3 Self-pollination & Cross-polination
  16.3.4 Germination
- 16.4 Sexual Reproduction in Humans
  16.4.1 Human Reproductive Systems - Male
  16.4.2 Human Reproductive Systems - Female
  16.4.3 Human Gametes - Sperm Cells
  16.4.4 Human Gametes - Egg Cells
  16.4.5 Human Gametes - Egg vs. Sperm
  16.4.6 Pregnancy
  16.4.7 Pregnancy Health
  16.4.8 Birth - Labour
  16.4.9 Birth - Breast-feeding
- 16.5 Sex Hormones in Humans
  16.5.1 Puberty
  16.5.2 Menstruation
  16.5.3 Menstrual Cycle
  16.5.4 Menstrual Hormones
  16.5.5 Baby Planning
  16.5.6 Infertility
  16.5.7 Fertility Treatments Pros & Cons
  16.5.8 End of Topic Test - Reproductive Hormones
  16.5.9 Exam-Style Questions - Hormones & Contraception
- 16.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections
  16.6.1 HIV
17 Inheritance
- 17.1 Chromosomes, Genes & Proteins
  17.1.1 Genome
  17.1.2 Genome Diagram
  17.1.3 Gene Expression
  17.1.4 DNA Pairings
  17.1.5 Protein Synthesis
  17.1.6 Synthesis Process
- 17.2 Mitosis & Meiosis
  17.2.1 Cell Division
  17.2.2 Stem Cells
  17.2.3 Meiosis
- 17.3 Monohybrid Inheritance
  17.3.1 Alleles
  17.3.2 Phenotype
  17.3.3 Sex Determination
  17.3.4 Monohybrid Inheritance
  17.3.5 Punnett Square
  17.3.6 Blood Groups
  17.3.7 Sex-linked Disorders
  17.3.8 Cystic Fibrosis
  17.3.9 Cystic Fibrosis - Punnett Square
  17.3.10 Cystic Fibrosis - Pedigree Diagram
  17.3.11 Test Crosses
  17.3.12 End of Topic Test - Genes & Inheritance
18 Variation & Selection
19 Organisms & Their Environment
- 19.1 Energy Flow
  19.1.1 Energy Flow
- 19.2 Food Chains & Food Webs
  19.2.1 Food Chains & Webs
  19.2.2 Decomposers
  19.2.3 Trophic Levels
  19.2.4 Pyramids of Biomass
  19.2.5 Editing Food Chains
  19.2.6 Reasons for Energy Wastage
  19.2.7 Transfer Efficiency
  19.2.8 Exam-Style Questions - Biomass
  19.2.9 End of Topic Test - Food and Trophic Levels
- 19.3 Nutrient Cycles
  19.3.1 Importance of Cycling
  19.3.2 Carbon Cycle
  19.3.3 Peat Bog
  19.3.4 Water Cycle
  19.3.5 Nitrogen Cycle
  19.3.6 Nitrogen Cycle & Microorganisms
- 19.4 Populations
  19.4.1 Ecosystems
  19.4.2 Population Growth Factors
  19.4.3 Population Growth
  19.4.4 Human Population
  19.4.5 Grade 9 - Ecosystems
  19.4.6 End of Topic Test - Ecosystems
20 Human Influence on Ecosystems
21 Biotechnology & Genetic Modification
- 21.1 Biotechnology & Genetic Modification
  21.1.1 Bacteria in Biotechnology
- 21.2 Biotechnology
  21.2.1 Yeast in Biotechnology
  21.2.2 Enzymes in Biotechnology
  21.2.3 Penicillin
- 21.3 Genetic Modification
  21.3.1 Genetic Modification
  21.3.2 Genetic Modification - Process
  21.3.3 Genetic Modification - Controversy
  21.3.4 Pros & Cons of Genetic Modification

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