5.1.1

Monosaccharides

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Types of Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. They are made from monosaccharides, which are simple sugars containing three to seven carbon atoms.

Examples of monosaccharides

Examples of monosaccharides

  • Monosaccharides are simple sugars. Examples include:
    • Glucose.
    • Galactose (found in milk).
    • Fructose (found in fruit).
Glucose

Glucose

  • Glucose is a hexose sugar that has the chemical formula C6H12O6.
  • Glucose is an important source of energy in humans.
  • During cellular respiration, the energy released from glucose helps to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Alpha vs beta glucose

Alpha vs beta glucose

  • Alpha- and beta-glucose are isomers. Isomers have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.
  • The carbon atoms are numbered from 1 – 6 and the OH (hydroxyl) groups are in a different orientation around C1.
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1

Unity & Diversity - Molecules

1.1

Water

1.1.1Water & Hydrogen Bonding1.1.2IB Multiple Choice - Water & Hydrogen Bonding1.1.3Extended Response - Water
1.2

DNA Structure & Replication

1.2.1DNA1.2.2RNA1.2.3DNA Replication1.2.4DNA Replication - Summary1.2.5IB Multiple Choice - DNA Replication
1.3

Transcription & Gene Expression

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1.4

Translation

1.4.1Translation1.4.2Retroviruses1.4.3Scientific Practices: Coronavirus1.4.4IB Multiple Choice - Translation
2

Unity & Diversity - Cells

2.1

The Origin of Cells

2.1.1Origins - Endosymbiosis
2.2

Introduction to Cells

2.2.1Introduction to Cells2.2.2Cell Size & Surface Area2.2.3Surface Area to Volume Ratio2.2.4Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells2.2.5Stem Cells2.2.6Stem Cells in Disease
2.3

Ultrastructure of Cells

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2.4

Cell Division

2.4.1The Cell Cycle2.4.2Mitosis2.4.3Regulation of the Cell Cycle2.4.4End of Topic Quiz - The Cell Cycle2.4.5IB Multiple Choice - The Cell Cycle2.4.6Extended Response - Mitosis
2.5

Structure of DNA & RNA

2.5.1DNA & RNA
2.6

DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation

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2.7

Cell Respiration

2.7.1Overview of Respiration2.7.2Anaerobic Respiration2.7.3End of Topic Test - Anaerobic Respiration2.7.4Respiration Experiments2.7.5End of Topic Test - Respiration2.7.6IB Multiple Choice - Respiration
2.8

Photosynthesis

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2.9

Viruses

2.9.1Viruses
3

Unity & Diversity - Organisms

3.1

Diversity of Organisms

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3.2

Evidence for Evolution

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Natural Selection

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4

Unity & Diversity - Ecosystems

4.1

Classification

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Cladistics

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4.3

Evolution & Speciation

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4.4

Conservation of Biodiversity

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5

Form & Function - Molecules

5.1

Carbohydrates & Lipids

5.1.1Monosaccharides5.1.2Disaccharides & Polysaccharides5.1.3Triglycerides & Phospholipids5.1.4Cellulose5.1.5Starch & Glycogen
5.2

Proteins

5.2.1Structure & Functions of Proteins
6

Form & Function - Cells

6.1

Membranes & Membrane Transport

6.1.1Passive Movement Across Membranes6.1.2Active Movement Across Membranes6.1.3Endocytosis & Exocystosis6.1.4Cell Membrane Structure & Permeability
6.2

Organelles & Compartmentalization

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6.3

Cell Specialization

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7

Form & Function - Organisms

7.1

Gas Exchange

7.1.1Lung Structure & Alveoli7.1.2Ventilation7.1.3Lung Disease7.1.4Lung Disease Data
7.2

Transport

7.2.1The Circulatory System7.2.2The Heart7.2.3Blood Vessels7.2.4Cardiovascular Disease7.2.5Xylem Structure7.2.6Cohesion-Tension Theory7.2.7Investigating Transpiration Rate7.2.8Phloem Structure7.2.9Translocation
7.3

Muscle & Motility

7.3.1Skeletal Muscle7.3.2Sliding Filament Theory7.3.3Contraction
8

Form & Function - Ecosystems

8.1

Species, Communities & Ecosytems

8.1.1Population Dynamics8.1.2Communities & Measuring Diversity8.1.3Relationships Between Populations8.1.4Overview of Ecosystems8.1.5Nutrient Cycles8.1.6Fertilisers8.1.7Eutrophication8.1.8Chi-Squared Test
8.2

Energy Flow

8.2.1Energy8.2.2Energy Flow8.2.3Biomass & Food Chains8.2.4Heterotrophs & Autotrophs
8.3

Carbon Cycle

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8.4

Climate Change

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9

Interaction & Interdependence - Molecules

9.1

Enzymes

9.1.1Enzymes9.1.2Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity9.1.3Enzyme-Controlled Reactions9.1.4End of Topic Test - Enzymes
9.2

Metabolism

9.2.1Molecules to Metabolism
9.3

Cell Respiration

9.3.1Glycolysis9.3.2Aerobic Respiration
9.4

Photosynthesis

9.4.1Light-Dependent Reaction9.4.2Light-Independent Reaction9.4.3End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis Reactions9.4.4Limiting Factors9.4.5Photosynthesis Experiments9.4.6End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis9.4.7End of Topic Test - Photosynthesis
10

Interaction & Interdependence - Cells

10.1

Chemical Signalling

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10.2

Neural Signalling

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10.3

Adaptation to Environment

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10.4

Ecological Niches

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11

Interaction & Interdependence - Organisms

11.1

Integration of Body Systems

11.1.1Plant Tropisms
11.2

Defence Against Disease

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12

Interaction & Interdependence - Ecosystems

12.1

Populations & Communities

12.1.1Coming Soon!
12.2

Transfers of Energy & Matter

12.2.1Coming Soon!
13

Continuity & Change - Molecules

13.1

DNA Replication

13.1.1DNA Replication
13.2

Protein Synthesis

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13.3

Mutation & Gene Editing

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14

Continuity & Change - Cells

14.1

Gene Expression

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14.2

Water Potential

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15

Continuity & Change - Organisms

15.1

Inheritance

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15.2

Homeostasis

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16

Continuity & Change - Ecosystems

16.1

Natural Selection

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16.2

Stability & Change

16.2.1Coming Soon!
16.3

Climate Change

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Practice questions on Monosaccharides

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  1. 1
    What is the chemical formula for glucose?Multiple choice
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Disaccharides & Polysaccharides