13.3.6

Cloning

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Cloning

Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell.

Clones

Clones

  • When a single parent is able to produce exact genetic copies of itself, clones are produced.
  • This can happen at the cellular and organism level.
  • For example, when bacteria reproduce through the process of binary fission, they are producing clones.
Natural cloning

Natural cloning

  • Many plant species and some animal species have natural methods of cloning.
  • Humans can produce identical twins which are monozygotic. This means they were formed from the same zygote, therefore sharing the same DNA and being clones of each other.
  • Some plants, like strawberries, produce runners which allows them to produce clones of themselves.
  • Other plants, such as potatoes, produce tubers which can then grow into clones of the original plant.
Embryo splitting

Embryo splitting

  • Animals can be cloned at the embryo stage by breaking up the embryo into more than one group of cells.
  • When an embryo splits naturally this produces identical twins; however, this can also be done artificially e.g. in order to produce larger numbers of a desired animal.
  • For example, when a bull and a cow with desirable traits are mated the embryo produced will be split into several clusters of cells which can then be implanted into a number of surrogate mother cows. The resultant calves are all clones of each other.
Cloning of adult animals

Cloning of adult animals

  • Cells from adult animals can be harvested and their DNA used to grow a clone of that animal.
  • The nucleus of the harvested cell is placed into an enucleated egg cell.
  • A small current of electricity is then used to stimulate growth.
  • The egg cell can then be implanted into a surrogate mother.
  • The offspring created will be a clone of the original animal whose cells were harvested.
  • Dolly the Sheep was famously produced in this way.
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1

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1.1

Water

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2

Unity & Diversity - Cells

2.1

The Origin of Cells

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2.2

Introduction to Cells

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2.3

Ultrastructure of Cells

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2.4

Cell Division

2.4.1The Cell Cycle2.4.2Mitosis2.4.3Regulation of the Cell Cycle2.4.4End of Topic Quiz - The Cell Cycle2.4.5IB Multiple Choice - The Cell Cycle2.4.6Extended Response - Mitosis
2.5

Structure of DNA & RNA

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2.6

DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation

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Cell Respiration

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Viruses

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3

Unity & Diversity - Organisms

3.1

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Evidence for Evolution

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Natural Selection

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Unity & Diversity - Ecosystems

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Classification

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Cladistics

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Evolution & Speciation

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Conservation of Biodiversity

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Form & Function - Molecules

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Carbohydrates & Lipids

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5.2

Proteins

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6

Form & Function - Cells

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Membranes & Membrane Transport

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Cell Specialization

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Form & Function - Organisms

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Gas Exchange

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Transport

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Muscle & Motility

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Form & Function - Ecosystems

8.1

Species, Communities & Ecosytems

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Energy Flow

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Carbon Cycle

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Climate Change

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Interaction & Interdependence - Molecules

9.1

Enzymes

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9.2

Metabolism

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9.3

Cell Respiration

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Photosynthesis

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Chemical Signalling

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Ecological Niches

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11

Interaction & Interdependence - Organisms

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Integration of Body Systems

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Defence Against Disease

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12

Interaction & Interdependence - Ecosystems

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Continuity & Change - Molecules

13.1

DNA Replication

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Protein Synthesis

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13.3

Mutation & Gene Editing

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14

Continuity & Change - Cells

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Continuity & Change - Organisms

15.1

Inheritance

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16

Continuity & Change - Ecosystems

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Natural Selection

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Stability & Change

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Practice questions on Cloning

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  1. 1
    Which of the following is NOT a step in the cloning of adult animals such as Dolly the Sheep?Multiple choice
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Genetic Modification

Introduction to Transcription & Protein Synthesis