1.1.8
Trends of Ionisation
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Trends in First Ionisation Energies
First ionisation energies change in a predictable way throughout the periodic table.

Trend across a period
- First ionisation energy increases across a period.
- This is because the atomic radius decreases. Proton number increases across a period, so electrons are more attracted to the nucleus.
- The electron is closer to the nucleus, and so experiences a greater attraction.
- Nuclear charge increases across a period.

Trend down a group
- First ionisation energy decreases down a group.
- This is because the atomic radius increases.
- The electron is further from the nucleus, and so experiences lower attraction.
- There are also more electrons between the nucleus and the outer electrons.
- This means the outer electrons experience greater shielding from the nucleus.
- This also provides evidence for the existence of shells.
1Physical Chemistry
1.1Atomic Structure
1.1.1Fundamental Particles1.1.2Isotopes & Mass Number1.1.3Mass Spectrometry1.1.4Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals1.1.5Electron Configuration1.1.6Ionisation Energy1.1.7Factors Affecting Ionisation Energies1.1.8Trends of Ionisation1.1.9Specific Impacts on Ionisation Energies1.1.10End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure1.1.11A-A* (AO3/4) - Atomic Structure
1.2Amount of Substance
1.2.1Relative Masses1.2.2The Mole1.2.3The Ideal Gas Equation1.2.4Empirical & Molecular Formulae1.2.5Balanced Equations1.2.6Percentage Yield1.2.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Percentage Yield1.2.8Atom Economy1.2.9End of Topic Test - Amount of Substance1.2.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Substances & Yield1.2.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Moles
1.3Bonding
1.3.1Ionic Bonding1.3.2Covalent & Dative Bonding1.3.3Carbon Structures1.3.4Metallic Bonding1.3.5Physical Properties1.3.6Shapes of Molecules1.3.7Polarity1.3.8Intermolecular Forces1.3.9Intermolecular Forces 21.3.10End of Topic Test - Bonding1.3.11Exam-Style Question - Shape of Molecules1.3.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Bonding1.3.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Ions1.3.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Ionic & Covalent1.3.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Phase Change1.3.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Boiling1.3.17Diagnostic Misconceptions - Polar Bonds
1.4Energetics
1.5Kinetics
1.6Equilibria
2Physical Chemistry 2 (A2 Only)
2.1Thermodynamics (A2 Only)
2.2Rate Equations (A2 Only)
2.3The Equilibrium Constant Kp (A2 Only)
2.4Electrochemical Cells (A2 Only)
2.5Acids & Bases (A2 Only)
2.5.1Brønsted-Lowry Acids & Bases (A2 Only)2.5.2pH (A2 Only)2.5.3The Ionic Product of Water (A2 Only)2.5.4Weak Acids & Bases (A2 Only)2.5.5pH Curves & Titrations (A2 Only)2.5.6pH Curves & Titrations 2 (A2 Only)2.5.7Buffer Solutions (A2 Only)2.5.8End of Topic Test - Acids & Bases2.5.9Exam-Style Question - Weak Acids2.5.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Acids & Bases2.5.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Ammonia is an Alkali2.5.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Water's Neutrality2.5.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentrate & Strength
3Inorganic Chemistry
3.1Periodicity & Trends
4Inorganic Chemistry 2 (A2 Only)
4.1Period 3 (A2 Only)
4.2Transition Metals (A2 Only)
4.2.1General Properties (A2 Only)4.2.2Substitution Reactions (A2 Only)4.2.3Shapes of Complex Ions (A2 Only)4.2.4Colours of Ions (A2 Only)4.2.5Variable Oxidation States (A2 Only)4.2.6Titrations (A2 Only)4.2.7Homogeneous Catalysts (A2 Only)4.2.8Heterogeneous Catalysts (A2 Only)4.2.9End of Topic Test - Transition Metals4.2.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Transition Metals
4.3Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solutions (A2 Only)
5Organic Chemistry 1
5.1Introduction
5.2Alkanes
5.3Halogenoalkanes
5.4Alkenes
5.5Alcohols
5.6Organic Analysis
5.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Organic 1
6Organic Chemistry 2 (A2 Only)
6.1Optical Isomerism (A2 Only)
6.2Aldehydes & Ketones (A2 Only)
6.3Carboxylic Acids & Esters (A2 Only)
6.4Aromatic Chemistry (A2 Only)
6.5Amines (A2 Only)
6.6Polymers (A2 Only)
6.7Biological Organic (A2 Only)
6.8Organic Synthesis (A2 Only)
6.9NMR Spectroscopy (A2 Only)
6.10Chromatography (A2 Only)
6.11A-A* (AO3/4) - Organic 2
Jump to other topics
1Physical Chemistry
1.1Atomic Structure
1.1.1Fundamental Particles1.1.2Isotopes & Mass Number1.1.3Mass Spectrometry1.1.4Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals1.1.5Electron Configuration1.1.6Ionisation Energy1.1.7Factors Affecting Ionisation Energies1.1.8Trends of Ionisation1.1.9Specific Impacts on Ionisation Energies1.1.10End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure1.1.11A-A* (AO3/4) - Atomic Structure
1.2Amount of Substance
1.2.1Relative Masses1.2.2The Mole1.2.3The Ideal Gas Equation1.2.4Empirical & Molecular Formulae1.2.5Balanced Equations1.2.6Percentage Yield1.2.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Percentage Yield1.2.8Atom Economy1.2.9End of Topic Test - Amount of Substance1.2.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Substances & Yield1.2.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Moles
1.3Bonding
1.3.1Ionic Bonding1.3.2Covalent & Dative Bonding1.3.3Carbon Structures1.3.4Metallic Bonding1.3.5Physical Properties1.3.6Shapes of Molecules1.3.7Polarity1.3.8Intermolecular Forces1.3.9Intermolecular Forces 21.3.10End of Topic Test - Bonding1.3.11Exam-Style Question - Shape of Molecules1.3.12A-A* (AO3/4) - Bonding1.3.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Ions1.3.14Diagnostic Misconceptions - Ionic & Covalent1.3.15Diagnostic Misconceptions - Phase Change1.3.16Diagnostic Misconceptions - Boiling1.3.17Diagnostic Misconceptions - Polar Bonds
1.4Energetics
1.5Kinetics
1.6Equilibria
2Physical Chemistry 2 (A2 Only)
2.1Thermodynamics (A2 Only)
2.2Rate Equations (A2 Only)
2.3The Equilibrium Constant Kp (A2 Only)
2.4Electrochemical Cells (A2 Only)
2.5Acids & Bases (A2 Only)
2.5.1Brønsted-Lowry Acids & Bases (A2 Only)2.5.2pH (A2 Only)2.5.3The Ionic Product of Water (A2 Only)2.5.4Weak Acids & Bases (A2 Only)2.5.5pH Curves & Titrations (A2 Only)2.5.6pH Curves & Titrations 2 (A2 Only)2.5.7Buffer Solutions (A2 Only)2.5.8End of Topic Test - Acids & Bases2.5.9Exam-Style Question - Weak Acids2.5.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Acids & Bases2.5.11Diagnostic Misconceptions - Ammonia is an Alkali2.5.12Diagnostic Misconceptions - Water's Neutrality2.5.13Diagnostic Misconceptions - Concentrate & Strength
3Inorganic Chemistry
3.1Periodicity & Trends
4Inorganic Chemistry 2 (A2 Only)
4.1Period 3 (A2 Only)
4.2Transition Metals (A2 Only)
4.2.1General Properties (A2 Only)4.2.2Substitution Reactions (A2 Only)4.2.3Shapes of Complex Ions (A2 Only)4.2.4Colours of Ions (A2 Only)4.2.5Variable Oxidation States (A2 Only)4.2.6Titrations (A2 Only)4.2.7Homogeneous Catalysts (A2 Only)4.2.8Heterogeneous Catalysts (A2 Only)4.2.9End of Topic Test - Transition Metals4.2.10A-A* (AO3/4) - Transition Metals
4.3Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solutions (A2 Only)
5Organic Chemistry 1
5.1Introduction
5.2Alkanes
5.3Halogenoalkanes
5.4Alkenes
5.5Alcohols
5.6Organic Analysis
5.7A-A* (AO3/4) - Organic 1
6Organic Chemistry 2 (A2 Only)
6.1Optical Isomerism (A2 Only)
6.2Aldehydes & Ketones (A2 Only)
6.3Carboxylic Acids & Esters (A2 Only)
6.4Aromatic Chemistry (A2 Only)
6.5Amines (A2 Only)
6.6Polymers (A2 Only)
6.7Biological Organic (A2 Only)
6.8Organic Synthesis (A2 Only)
6.9NMR Spectroscopy (A2 Only)
6.10Chromatography (A2 Only)
6.11A-A* (AO3/4) - Organic 2
Practice questions on Trends of Ionisation
Can you answer these? Test yourself with free interactive practice on Seneca — used by over 10 million students.
- 1How does ionisation energy vary within the periodic table?Multiple choice
- 2
- 3Why does ionisation energy increase across a period?Multiple choice
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