1.6.17

Human Growth & Development

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Human Growth and Development – Diet and Smoking

Many lifestyle factors can affect human growth and development including diet and smoking.

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Balanced diets

  • It is important to eat a balanced diet.
  • Your diet will also depend on how much exercise you do and your general lifestyle.
    • The more you exercise the more calories your body will need.
  • Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps trained and exercised so much he had to eat about 10,000 calories a day.
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Diet - calories

  • Calories are the amount of energy in food and drink.
  • Calories are given on the packets of foods with the unit kcal.
    • The average male will need 2500 calories a day.
    • The average female will need 2000 calories a day.
  • To convert calories into kilojoules (kJ) multiply the number of calories by 4.2.
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Diet - different calorie needs

  • If you sit down all day you will need less calories to remain fit and healthy.
  • If you do not eat enough food you can become underweight.
    • You can then starve which may lead to death.
  • If you eat more food than you should, you can become overweight and then obese.
    • Obese people are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol as well as heart disease and strokes.
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Smoking

  • Around 14% of people in the UK smoke.
  • They are putting their health at risk.
    • Cigarettes contains tobacco which contains harmful substances.
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The harmful substances in cigarettes

  • Tar -Blocks and damages the cilia in the airways causing the smokers to cough and damages the alveoli in the lungs making gas exchange more difficult.
  • Nicotine
    • Nicotine is the chemical that makes smoking addictive.
    • It can also increase blood pressure and narrow the arteries. Nicotine can also increase the risk of the heart attack.
  • Carbon Monoxide
    • Is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
    • It replaces oxygen in the red blood cells which means the heart has to pump faster and harder to get oxygen around the body.
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Another harmful substance

  • Carbon Monoxide
    • Is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas.
    • It replaces oxygen in the red blood cells which means the heart has to pump faster and harder to get oxygen around the body.
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The dangers of smoking

  • Smoking can cause emphysema.
    • This is when your air sacs (alveoli) are destroyed in the lungs.
    • This reduces gas exchange.
  • Smoking can also cause bronchitis.
    • This is damage to your airways.

Human Growth and Development – Aerobic Respiration and Fetal Development

Respiration is the process that releases energy. Smoking and drinking while pregnant can have severe effects on fetal development.

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Aerobic Respiration

  • Respiration is a chemical reaction.
  • There are two types of respiration aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
    • Anaerobic respiration is respiration that happens without oxygen.
    • Aerobic respiration is respiration that requires oxygen.
  • It is important to remember respiration is not breathing.
  • Respiration occurs in the mitochondria of animal and plant cells.
  • Respiration releases energy.
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Aerobic Respiration Equation

  • The equation for aerobic respiration is:
  • Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
  • Animals
    • Get glucose from the food they eat and breathe in oxygen.
    • They breathe out carbon dioxide.
  • Plants
    • Get glucose and oxygen from photosynthesis.
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Fetal Development - Smoking and drinking when pregnant

  • Pregnant women who drink, smoke, and take drugs put their unborn child at risk.
  • If you drink alcohol when you are pregnant the alcohol can pass through the placenta and effect the development of the baby.
    • Advice is given that pregnant women should not drink at all.
  • You should not smoke when you are pregnant.
    • Cigarettes contain over 4000 chemicals.
    • Smoking when pregnant can restrict oxygen to the unborn baby.
  • Pregnant women should also stay aware from second hand smoke.
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The dangers of drinking while pregnant

  • Drinking while pregnant increases the risk of:
    • Miscarriage
    • Premature birth
    • Lower birth weight
    • Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) – children with FAS may have lifelong behaviour and learning difficulties
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The dangers of smoking when pregnant

  • Smoking while pregnant increases the risk of:
    • Miscarriage
    • Premature birth
    • Lower birth weight
    • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) or cotdeath
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The dangers of drugs when pregnant

  • Pregnant women should also take care not to take drugs while pregnant – this includes illegal and legal drugs
  • Medicines and drugs can reach the unborn baby via the placenta
    • If a pregnant women is not sure if she can take legal medicines like painkillers they should talk to their doctor.

Jump to other topics

1Biology

1.1Cells, Tissues & Organs

1.2Reproduction & Variation

1.3Ecological Relationships & Classification

1.4Digestion & Nutrition

1.5Plants & Photosynthesis

1.6Biological Systems & Processes

2Chemistry

2.1Particles

2.2Chemical Reactions

2.3Atoms, Elements, Compounds

2.4The Periodic Table

2.5Materials & the Earth

2.6Reactivity

2.7Energetics

2.8Properties of Materials

3Physics

3.1Energy

3.2Forces & Motion

3.3Waves

3.4Electricity & Magnetism

3.5Matter

3.6Space Physics

4Thinking Scientifically

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