Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamins

Vitamins are very important for humans to eat as part of a balanced diet. People only need small amounts of vitamins to remain healthy.

Vitamins

Vitamins are organic and are carbon-based.
Vitamins are needed for cell development and function.

Important vitamins - A and B1

Vitamin A, is also called retinol.
- Vitamin A is found in eggs, cheese, milk, and liver.
- Vitamin A supports the immune system and vision health.
Vitamin B1 is also called thiamin.
- Vitamin B1 is found in peas, fruit, nuts, and liver.
- Vitamin B1 supports healthy nervous systems.

Important vitamins - B2 and C

Vitamin B2 is also called riboflavin.
- Vitamin B2 is found in milk, eggs, and mushrooms.
- Vitamin B2 supports healthy nervous systems and eyes.
Vitamin C is also called ascorbic acid.
- Vitamin C is found in citrus fruits, peppers, and broccoli.
- Vitamin C protects cells and supports healthy skin and bone development.

Important vitamins - D

Vitamin D is found in oily fish, red meat, and liver.
- Vitamin D supports healthy bones and teeth.
- Vitamin D is key for a healthy immune system.
- Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets.

Important vitamins - E and K

Vitamin E is found in plant oils, nuts, and seeds.
- Vitamin E supports healthy skin and eyes.
- Vitamin E boosts the body's natural protection against infection.
Vitamin K is found in broccoli, spinach, and vegetable oils.
- Vitamin K is important in forming blood clots and maintaining bone health.

Minerals

Minerals are inorganic and not carbon-based. Humans need to consume a small amount of minerals to maintain a healthy diet.

Minerals

Minerals are found naturally in the Earth.
- Plants obtain minerals from the soil through their roots.
- Animals obtain minerals when they eat plants.
It is unhealthy to consume more than the recommended dose of minerals.
- Eating too many minerals may lead to sickness, stomach pain, and diarrhea.

Calcium and iron

Calcium is found in dairy products.
- Calcium is important for healthy bones and teeth, and for making blood clots.
- Calcium deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
Iron is found in red meat, liver, beans, and nuts.
- Iron makes red blood cells.
- Iron deficiency causes anaemia.

Iodine and chromium

Iodine is found in eggs, milk, and fish.
- Iodine makes thyroid hormones.
- Iodine deficiency causes issues with thyroid glands.
Chromium is found in meat and nuts.
- Chromium regulates insulin.
- Chromium deficiency increases the risk of diabetes.

Copper and Magnesium

Copper is found in nuts and shellfish.
- Copper is important for red and white blood cells and for brain development.
- Copper deficiency can lead to anaemia and osteoporosis.
Magnesium is found in spinach and nuts.
- Magnesium is important for hormone development.
- Magnesium deficiency can lead to low appetite and vomiting.

1Biology

1.1Cells, Tissues & Organs

1.2Reproduction & Variation

1.2.1Reproduction in Humans

1.2.2Male Reproductive System

1.2.3Female Reproductive System

1.2.4Gestation

1.2.5Pregnancy

1.2.6Puberty

1.2.7The Menstrual Cycle

1.2.8Reproduction in Plants

1.2.9Pollination

1.2.10Dispersal Method

1.2.11Variation

1.2.12Causes of Variation

1.2.13Inheritance

1.2.14Adaptations and Evolution

1.2.15Species & Selective Breeding

1.2.16Genetic Conditions

1.2.17End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Variation

1.3Ecological Relationships & Classification

1.4Digestion & Nutrition

1.4.1Balanced Diets

1.4.2Vitamins & Minerals

1.4.3Protein

1.4.4Lipids, Oils and Fats

1.4.5Carbohydrates

1.4.6Starch

1.4.7Energy Needs

1.4.8Dietary Fibre

1.4.9Diseases Caused by Nutritional Deficiencies

1.4.10Digestion

1.4.11Plant Nutrition

1.4.12Enzymes in Digestion

1.4.13Required Practical - Enzymes in Digestion

1.5Plants & Photosynthesis

1.5.1Roots

1.5.2Photosynthesis

1.5.3Leaves

1.5.4Rate of Photosynthesis

1.5.5Testing the Rate of Photosynthesis

1.5.6Water Transport in Plants

1.5.7Translocation

1.5.8The Carbon Cycle

1.5.9Human Activities & Carbon Dioxide

1.6Biological Systems & Processes

2Chemistry

2.1Particles

2.1.1Particles

2.1.2States of Matter

2.1.3Changes of State

2.1.4Properties of States of Matter

2.1.5Diffusion

2.1.6Changing State

2.1.7Pressure

2.1.8Temperature Increase in a Gas

2.1.9Conservation of Mass

2.1.10Purity of Substances

2.1.11Pure Substances

2.1.12Evaporation

2.1.13Mixtures

2.1.14Separating Mixtures

2.1.15Distillation

2.1.16Chromatography

2.1.17Solubility

2.1.18Investigating Solubility

2.2Chemical Reactions

2.2.1Chemical Reactions

2.2.2Common Reactions

2.2.3Acids & Alkalis

2.2.4Reactions of Acids

2.2.5Testing for Hydrogen

2.2.6The pH Scale

2.2.7Titration

2.2.8End of Topic Test - Chemical Reactions

2.3Atoms, Elements, Compounds

2.3.1Atoms

2.3.2Elements

2.3.3Compounds & Mixtures

2.3.4Electron Configuration

2.3.5Chemical Symbols

2.3.6Chemical Formulae

2.3.7Conservation of Mass

2.3.8Vacuums

2.3.9Molecules

2.3.10End of Topic Test - Particles & Atoms

2.4The Periodic Table

2.4.1Physical Properties

2.4.2Chemical Properties

2.4.3The Periodic Table

2.4.4Metals

2.4.5Non-Metals

2.4.6Alkali Metals

2.4.7Halogens

2.4.8Oxides

2.4.9End of Topic Test - The Periodic Table

2.5Materials & the Earth

2.6Reactivity

2.6.1Ions

2.6.2Ionic Bonding

2.6.3State Symbols

2.6.4Balancing Chemical Equations

2.6.5Relative Formula Mass

2.6.6Calculating the Relative Formula Mass

2.6.7The Reactivity Series

2.6.8Carbon & The Reactivity Series

2.6.9Displacement Reactions

2.6.10Displacement Reactions - Halogens

2.6.11Alloys

2.6.12Metal Alloys

2.7Energetics

2.7.1Measuring Gas Production

2.7.2Observing a Colour Change

2.7.3Analysing Reaction Rates

2.7.4Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction

2.7.5Catalysts

2.7.6Testing for Oxygen

2.7.7Energy Changes During Reactions

2.8Properties of Materials

2.8.1Testing for Gases

2.8.2Alloys

2.8.3Density

2.8.4Density of Solids, Liquids & Gases HyperLearning

3Physics

3.1Energy

3.2Forces & Motion

3.3Waves

3.4Electricity & Magnetism

3.4.1Circuit Symbols

3.4.2Resistors & Diodes

3.4.3Electric Current

3.4.4Measuring Current

3.4.5Potential Difference

3.4.6Series Circuits

3.4.7Parallel Circuits

3.4.8Resistance

3.4.9Charges

3.4.10Static Electricity

3.4.11Magnets

3.4.12Magnetic Fields

3.4.13The Earth's Field

3.4.14Electromagnetism

3.4.15Uses of Electromagnets

3.4.16Strength of Magnetic Fields

3.4.17Circuit Symbols HyperLearning

3.5Matter

3.6Space Physics

3.6.1The Sun

3.6.2The Planets

3.6.3Other Astronomical Bodies

3.6.4The Milky Way

3.6.5Beyond The Milky Way

3.6.6The Seasons

3.6.7Days, Months & Years

3.6.8The Moon

3.6.9Light Years

3.6.10End of Topic Test - Space

4Thinking Scientifically

4.1Models & Representations

4.1.1Strengths & Limitations of Models

4.1.2Symbols & Formulae to Represent Scientific Ideas

4.1.3Analogies in Science

4.1.4Changing Models – Atomic Theory

4.1.5Working Safely in the Lab

4.1.6Variables

4.1.7Writing a Hypothesis & Prediction

4.1.8Planning an Experiment

4.1.9Maths Skills for Science

4.1.10Drawing Scientific Apparatus

4.1.11Observation & Measurement Skills

4.1.12Types of Data

4.1.13Graphs & Charts

4.1.14Bias in Science

4.1.15Conclude & Evaluate

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