3.4.6
Series Circuits
Series Circuits
Series Circuits
If a circuit is set up as a series circuit it will be set up as one continuous loop.
![Illustrative background for Series circuits](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.3.3 - Circuit Components/4.3.2.1.3 Resistors in series-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Series circuits ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.3.3 - Circuit Components/4.3.2.1.3 Resistors in series-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Series circuits
Series circuits
- In a series circuit, components are added in a loop.
- There are no branches in a series circuit.
- For the components to work, the circuit must be complete.
![Illustrative background for Bulbs in a series circuit](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/10.1.2 Alternative methods of extracting metals/light-bulbs-1125016_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Bulbs in a series circuit ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/10.1.2 Alternative methods of extracting metals/light-bulbs-1125016_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Bulbs in a series circuit
Bulbs in a series circuit
- The more bulbs you add in a series circuit the dimmer they will be.
- The more cells you add the brighter the bulbs will be.
- If there are two or more bulbs in a series circuit and one bulb breaks, the circuit will be broken and current will not flow.
![Illustrative background for Current in series circuits](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.3.3.1 Potential divider circuit (3)-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
![Illustrative background for Current in series circuits ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.3.3.1 Potential divider circuit (3)-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.png)
Current in series circuits
Current in series circuits
- Current in a series circuit remains the same everywhere in the circuit.
![Illustrative background for Potential difference in series](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.2.2 - Electric current/battery-161239_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Potential difference in series ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.2.2 - Electric current/battery-161239_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Potential difference in series
Potential difference in series
- Potential difference is shared with all the components in the series circuit.
- The total potential difference of the components will equal that of the cell or battery.
Parallel Circuits
Parallel Circuits
If a circuit is set up as a parallel circuit it will be set up with branches.
![Illustrative background for Parallel circuits](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/2.3.3 - Carbon structures/board-730797_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Parallel circuits ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/2.3.3 - Carbon structures/board-730797_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Parallel circuits
Parallel circuits
- Parallel circuits have branches.
- The branches form different loops in which current can flow.
![Illustrative background for Bulbs in parallel circuits](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/10.1.2 Alternative methods of extracting metals/light-bulbs-1125016_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Bulbs in parallel circuits ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/10.1.2 Alternative methods of extracting metals/light-bulbs-1125016_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Bulbs in parallel circuits
Bulbs in parallel circuits
- If one bulb breaks in a parallel circuit the other bulbs will remain on.
- If you add more bulbs to different branches the other bulbs will not get dimmer.
![Illustrative background for Current in parallel circuits](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.2.2 - Electric current/Conventional current-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Current in parallel circuits ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.2.2 - Electric current/Conventional current-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Current in parallel circuits
Current in parallel circuits
- The current is split among the circuit's branches.
- If there were two branches each with a bulb they would each share half the current that was originally in the circuit.
- The current will be the same at the start and end of the circuit.
![Illustrative background for Potential difference in parallel circuits](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/5.2.1 Chemical cells and /battery-1930820_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Potential difference in parallel circuits ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/chemistry/5.2.1 Chemical cells and /battery-1930820_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Potential difference in parallel circuits
Potential difference in parallel circuits
- The potential difference across the different components is equal to that of the cell or battery.
- If there were two branches each with a bulb they would each have the same potential difference as the cell or battery.
Resistance
Resistance
If you resist something, you try to fight against it and stop it happening. Resistance happens in electrical circuits when a component resists the flow of current.
![Illustrative background for Resistance](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1.2 - Cell specialisation/cables-1080555_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Resistance ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/biology/1.1.2 - Cell specialisation/cables-1080555_640-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Resistance
Resistance
- Most conductors will restrict the flow of current in a circuit.
- If you want less current to flow, you can increase the resistance.
- There is more resistance in a wire if:
- The wire is longer.
- The wire is thinner.
- Insulators will have a very high resistance so a current will not flow through them.
![Illustrative background for Tasers](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/b659e2de-c18e-43b5-b0ec-80f8cbc8b45c/Taser-gun-police-,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Tasers ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-08/b659e2de-c18e-43b5-b0ec-80f8cbc8b45c/Taser-gun-police-,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Tasers
Tasers
- Some UK Police Officers carry a taser – this is used as a non-lethal method of restraining a violent person.
- The taser can deliver a potential difference of 50,000 V.
- However this is not deadly as the high resistance ensures it only delivers a very small current (around 0.002 A), just enough to make the suspects muscles relax.
![Illustrative background for Calculation](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.2.4 - Resistance and electrical work/Ohm's-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Calculation ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.2.4 - Resistance and electrical work/Ohm's-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Calculation
Calculation
- Resistance is measured in ohms.
- The symbol for ohms is the Greek omega symbol (Ω).
- Resistance can be calculated using the equation:
- Resistance (Ω) = potential difference (V) ÷ current (A)
![Illustrative background for Ohm's law](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.3 - Circuit Symbols/circuit-fixed-resistor-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Ohm's law ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/courseImages/physics/4.3 - Circuit Symbols/circuit-fixed-resistor-min,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Ohm's law
Ohm's law
- A resistor is said to follow Ohm's law if:
- The current that flows through it is directly proportional to the potential difference.
- This means if you double the potential difference the current will also double.
- A directly proportional relationship when you draw it on a graph is a straight line through the origin.
1Biology
1.1Cells, Tissues & Organs
1.1.1Microscopes
1.1.2Magnification
1.1.3Multicellular Organisms
1.1.4Tissues
1.1.5Organs
1.1.6Unicellular Organisms
1.1.7Diffusion
1.1.8Factors Affecting Diffusion
1.1.9Plant Cells
1.1.10Cellulose
1.1.11Plant Tissues
1.1.12Leaves
1.1.13Animal Cells
1.1.14Comparing Animal & Plant Cells
1.1.15How to Make a Model Animal and Plant Cell
1.1.16Specialised Cells
1.1.17Stem Cells
1.1.18Uses of Stem Cells
1.1.19Disadvantages of Stem Cells
1.1.20Blood Components
1.1.21Platelets
1.1.22End of Topic Test - Cells & Organisation
1.1.23The Lungs
1.1.24Breathing
1.1.25Plant Gas Exchange
1.1.26Health
1.1.27End of Topic Test - Living Organisms
1.2Reproduction & Variation
1.2.1Reproduction in Humans
1.2.2Male Reproductive System
1.2.3Female Reproductive System
1.2.4Gestation
1.2.5Pregnancy
1.2.6Puberty
1.2.7The Menstrual Cycle
1.2.8Reproduction in Plants
1.2.9Pollination
1.2.10Dispersal Method
1.2.11Variation
1.2.12Causes of Variation
1.2.13Inheritance
1.2.14Adaptations and Evolution
1.2.15Species & Selective Breeding
1.2.16Genetic Conditions
1.2.17End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Variation
1.3Ecological Relationships & Classification
1.3.1Species Interdependence
1.3.2Food Chains & Webs
1.3.3Changes to Food Webs
1.3.4Relationships in an Ecosystem
1.3.5The Impact of Environmental Change
1.3.6Decomposers
1.3.7Decay
1.3.8Assessing Ecosystems
1.3.9Ecological Sampling
1.3.10Required Practical - Estimating Population Size
1.3.11Pyramids of Number and Biomass
1.3.12Classification of Living Organisms
1.3.13Competition Between Organisms
1.3.14Adaptations of Plants
1.3.15Natural Selection
1.3.16Evidence for Evolution
1.3.17Environmental Changes & Extinctions
1.3.18The Importance of Biodiversity
1.3.19Bioaccumulation
1.3.20End of Topic Test - Material Cycles & Energy
1.4Digestion & Nutrition
1.4.1Balanced Diets
1.4.2Vitamins & Minerals
1.4.3Protein
1.4.4Lipids, Oils and Fats
1.4.5Carbohydrates
1.4.6Starch
1.4.7Energy Needs
1.4.8Dietary Fibre
1.4.9Diseases Caused by Nutritional Deficiencies
1.4.10Digestion
1.4.11Plant Nutrition
1.4.12Enzymes in Digestion
1.4.13Required Practical - Enzymes in Digestion
1.5Plants & Photosynthesis
1.6Biological Systems & Processes
1.6.1Living Organisms
1.6.2Dichotomous Keys
1.6.3Biomechanics
1.6.4Muscles
1.6.5The Skeleton
1.6.6Measuring Forces
1.6.7Antagonistic Muscle Pairings
1.6.8The Respiratory System
1.6.9Structure & Function of the Gas Exchange System
1.6.10Breathing
1.6.11Respiration
1.6.12Respiration During Exercise
1.6.13Anaerobic Respiration
1.6.14Lactic Acid
1.6.15Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System
1.6.16Balanced Diets
1.6.17Human Growth & Development
1.6.18DNA
1.6.19Alleles
1.6.20Genotype vs Phenotype
1.6.21Punnett Squares
1.6.22Joints
1.6.23The Renal System
1.6.24The Circulatory System
1.6.25The Circulatory System
1.6.26Glucose
1.6.27Glucose and Diabetes
1.6.28The Effects of Recreational Drug Use
1.6.29Human Illnesses
1.6.30Antibiotics
1.6.31Vaccinations
1.6.32How Antibiotics and Vaccines Work
1.6.33Mental Health
2Chemistry
2.1Particles
2.1.1Particles
2.1.2States of Matter
2.1.3Changes of State
2.1.4Properties of States of Matter
2.1.5Diffusion
2.1.6Changing State
2.1.7Pressure
2.1.8Temperature Increase in a Gas
2.1.9Conservation of Mass
2.1.10Purity of Substances
2.1.11Pure Substances
2.1.12Evaporation
2.1.13Mixtures
2.1.14Separating Mixtures
2.1.15Distillation
2.1.16Chromatography
2.1.17Solubility
2.1.18Investigating Solubility
2.2Chemical Reactions
2.3Atoms, Elements, Compounds
2.4The Periodic Table
2.5Materials & the Earth
2.5.1The Composition of The Earth
2.5.2The Structure of the Earth
2.5.3Igneous Rocks
2.5.4Sedimentary Rocks
2.5.5Metamorphic Rocks
2.5.6The Rock Cycle
2.5.7Physical Weathering
2.5.8Chemical Weathering
2.5.9Biological Weathering
2.5.10The Formation of Fossils
2.5.11Crude Oil
2.5.12End of Topic Test - Earth
2.5.13The Earth's Early Atmosphere
2.5.14The Earth's Atmosphere Today
2.5.15Oxygen in the Atmosphere
2.5.16Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
2.5.17Greenhouse Gases
2.5.18Climate Change
2.5.19Resources
2.5.20Recycling
2.5.21Ceramics
2.5.22Polymers
2.5.23Composites
2.5.24End of Topic Test - Materials
2.5.25End of Topic Test - Polymers
2.6Reactivity
2.6.1Ions
2.6.2Ionic Bonding
2.6.3State Symbols
2.6.4Balancing Chemical Equations
2.6.5Relative Formula Mass
2.6.6Calculating the Relative Formula Mass
2.6.7The Reactivity Series
2.6.8Carbon & The Reactivity Series
2.6.9Displacement Reactions
2.6.10Displacement Reactions - Halogens
2.6.11Alloys
2.6.12Metal Alloys
2.7Energetics
2.8Properties of Materials
3Physics
3.1Energy
3.1.1Energy Stores & Pathways
3.1.2Energy Transfers
3.1.3Common Energy Transfers
3.1.4Wasted Energy
3.1.5Efficiency of Energy Transfer
3.1.6Sankey Diagrams
3.1.7Heat & Temperature
3.1.8Heat Transfer
3.1.9Conductors vs Insulators
3.1.10Reducing Energy Transfers
3.1.11Energy & Power
3.1.12Energy in Food
3.1.13Calories
3.1.14Food Labels
3.1.15Energy at Home
3.1.16Fuel Bills
3.1.17Calculating Fuel Bills
3.1.18Non-Renewable Energy - Fossil Fuels
3.1.19Other Non-Renewables
3.1.20Renewable Energy - Air & Ground
3.1.21Renewable Energy - Water
3.1.22End of Topic Test - Energy
3.2Forces & Motion
3.2.1Forces
3.2.2Contact Forces
3.2.3Balanced Forces
3.2.4Force Diagrams & Resultant Forces
3.2.5Free Body Diagram - Uses
3.2.6Force & Acceleration
3.2.7Gravity
3.2.8Weight
3.2.9Pressure
3.2.10Speed
3.2.11Relative Motion
3.2.12Friction
3.2.13Water & Air Resistance
3.2.14Distance-Time Graphs
3.2.15Moments
3.2.16Levers
3.2.17Work
3.2.18Machines
3.2.19Work & Machines
3.2.20Elasticity
3.2.21Elasticity - Hooke's Law
3.2.22Density
3.2.23Floating & Sinking
3.2.24End of Topic Test - Forces & Motion
3.2.25Vacuums
3.2.26Thermal Energy & Conduction
3.2.27Convection & Radiation
3.2.28Evaporation
3.3Waves
3.3.1Waves
3.3.2Types of Waves
3.3.3Observing Waves
3.3.4Wave Speed
3.3.5Earthquakes
3.3.6Sound Waves
3.3.7Uses of Sound Waves
3.3.8The Interactions of Sound with Different Mediums
3.3.9Reflecting Sounds
3.3.10The Speed of Sound
3.3.11Measuring the Speed of Sound
3.3.12The Hearing Range of Humans
3.3.13The Human Ear
3.3.14Light Waves
3.3.15Reflection
3.3.16Drawing a Reflected Image
3.3.17Refraction
3.3.18The Human Eye
3.3.19The Eye as a Pinhole Camera
3.3.20Lenses
3.3.21Colour
3.3.22Seeing Colour
3.3.23Colours of Light
3.3.24Drawing Waves
3.3.25Wave Interactions
3.3.26Comparing Sound & Light
3.3.27End of Topic Test - Waves
3.3.28End of Topic Test - Sound
3.4Electricity & Magnetism
3.4.1Circuit Symbols
3.4.2Resistors & Diodes
3.4.3Electric Current
3.4.4Measuring Current
3.4.5Potential Difference
3.4.6Series Circuits
3.4.7Parallel Circuits
3.4.8Resistance
3.4.9Charges
3.4.10Static Electricity
3.4.11Magnets
3.4.12Magnetic Fields
3.4.13The Earth's Field
3.4.14Electromagnetism
3.4.15Uses of Electromagnets
3.4.16Strength of Magnetic Fields
3.4.17Circuit Symbols HyperLearning
3.5Matter
3.5.1Physical Reactions
3.5.2Changes of State
3.5.3Particles
3.5.4Density
3.5.5Density & the Particle Model
3.5.6The Equation for Density
3.5.7Dissolving
3.5.8Brownian Motion
3.5.9Diffusion
3.5.10Filtration
3.5.11Solids
3.5.12Liquids
3.5.13Gases
3.5.14Weight & Mass
3.5.15Gravity
3.5.16Gravitational Field Strength
3.5.17Gravity in Space
3.5.18Atmospheric Pressure
3.5.19Liquid Pressure
3.5.20End of Topic Test - Matter
4Thinking Scientifically
4.1Models & Representations
4.1.1Strengths & Limitations of Models
4.1.2Symbols & Formulae to Represent Scientific Ideas
4.1.3Analogies in Science
4.1.4Changing Models – Atomic Theory
4.1.5Working Safely in the Lab
4.1.6Variables
4.1.7Writing a Hypothesis & Prediction
4.1.8Planning an Experiment
4.1.9Maths Skills for Science
4.1.10Drawing Scientific Apparatus
4.1.11Observation & Measurement Skills
4.1.12Types of Data
4.1.13Graphs & Charts
4.1.14Bias in Science
4.1.15Conclude & Evaluate
Jump to other topics
1Biology
1.1Cells, Tissues & Organs
1.1.1Microscopes
1.1.2Magnification
1.1.3Multicellular Organisms
1.1.4Tissues
1.1.5Organs
1.1.6Unicellular Organisms
1.1.7Diffusion
1.1.8Factors Affecting Diffusion
1.1.9Plant Cells
1.1.10Cellulose
1.1.11Plant Tissues
1.1.12Leaves
1.1.13Animal Cells
1.1.14Comparing Animal & Plant Cells
1.1.15How to Make a Model Animal and Plant Cell
1.1.16Specialised Cells
1.1.17Stem Cells
1.1.18Uses of Stem Cells
1.1.19Disadvantages of Stem Cells
1.1.20Blood Components
1.1.21Platelets
1.1.22End of Topic Test - Cells & Organisation
1.1.23The Lungs
1.1.24Breathing
1.1.25Plant Gas Exchange
1.1.26Health
1.1.27End of Topic Test - Living Organisms
1.2Reproduction & Variation
1.2.1Reproduction in Humans
1.2.2Male Reproductive System
1.2.3Female Reproductive System
1.2.4Gestation
1.2.5Pregnancy
1.2.6Puberty
1.2.7The Menstrual Cycle
1.2.8Reproduction in Plants
1.2.9Pollination
1.2.10Dispersal Method
1.2.11Variation
1.2.12Causes of Variation
1.2.13Inheritance
1.2.14Adaptations and Evolution
1.2.15Species & Selective Breeding
1.2.16Genetic Conditions
1.2.17End of Topic Test - Reproduction & Variation
1.3Ecological Relationships & Classification
1.3.1Species Interdependence
1.3.2Food Chains & Webs
1.3.3Changes to Food Webs
1.3.4Relationships in an Ecosystem
1.3.5The Impact of Environmental Change
1.3.6Decomposers
1.3.7Decay
1.3.8Assessing Ecosystems
1.3.9Ecological Sampling
1.3.10Required Practical - Estimating Population Size
1.3.11Pyramids of Number and Biomass
1.3.12Classification of Living Organisms
1.3.13Competition Between Organisms
1.3.14Adaptations of Plants
1.3.15Natural Selection
1.3.16Evidence for Evolution
1.3.17Environmental Changes & Extinctions
1.3.18The Importance of Biodiversity
1.3.19Bioaccumulation
1.3.20End of Topic Test - Material Cycles & Energy
1.4Digestion & Nutrition
1.4.1Balanced Diets
1.4.2Vitamins & Minerals
1.4.3Protein
1.4.4Lipids, Oils and Fats
1.4.5Carbohydrates
1.4.6Starch
1.4.7Energy Needs
1.4.8Dietary Fibre
1.4.9Diseases Caused by Nutritional Deficiencies
1.4.10Digestion
1.4.11Plant Nutrition
1.4.12Enzymes in Digestion
1.4.13Required Practical - Enzymes in Digestion
1.5Plants & Photosynthesis
1.6Biological Systems & Processes
1.6.1Living Organisms
1.6.2Dichotomous Keys
1.6.3Biomechanics
1.6.4Muscles
1.6.5The Skeleton
1.6.6Measuring Forces
1.6.7Antagonistic Muscle Pairings
1.6.8The Respiratory System
1.6.9Structure & Function of the Gas Exchange System
1.6.10Breathing
1.6.11Respiration
1.6.12Respiration During Exercise
1.6.13Anaerobic Respiration
1.6.14Lactic Acid
1.6.15Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System
1.6.16Balanced Diets
1.6.17Human Growth & Development
1.6.18DNA
1.6.19Alleles
1.6.20Genotype vs Phenotype
1.6.21Punnett Squares
1.6.22Joints
1.6.23The Renal System
1.6.24The Circulatory System
1.6.25The Circulatory System
1.6.26Glucose
1.6.27Glucose and Diabetes
1.6.28The Effects of Recreational Drug Use
1.6.29Human Illnesses
1.6.30Antibiotics
1.6.31Vaccinations
1.6.32How Antibiotics and Vaccines Work
1.6.33Mental Health
2Chemistry
2.1Particles
2.1.1Particles
2.1.2States of Matter
2.1.3Changes of State
2.1.4Properties of States of Matter
2.1.5Diffusion
2.1.6Changing State
2.1.7Pressure
2.1.8Temperature Increase in a Gas
2.1.9Conservation of Mass
2.1.10Purity of Substances
2.1.11Pure Substances
2.1.12Evaporation
2.1.13Mixtures
2.1.14Separating Mixtures
2.1.15Distillation
2.1.16Chromatography
2.1.17Solubility
2.1.18Investigating Solubility
2.2Chemical Reactions
2.3Atoms, Elements, Compounds
2.4The Periodic Table
2.5Materials & the Earth
2.5.1The Composition of The Earth
2.5.2The Structure of the Earth
2.5.3Igneous Rocks
2.5.4Sedimentary Rocks
2.5.5Metamorphic Rocks
2.5.6The Rock Cycle
2.5.7Physical Weathering
2.5.8Chemical Weathering
2.5.9Biological Weathering
2.5.10The Formation of Fossils
2.5.11Crude Oil
2.5.12End of Topic Test - Earth
2.5.13The Earth's Early Atmosphere
2.5.14The Earth's Atmosphere Today
2.5.15Oxygen in the Atmosphere
2.5.16Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
2.5.17Greenhouse Gases
2.5.18Climate Change
2.5.19Resources
2.5.20Recycling
2.5.21Ceramics
2.5.22Polymers
2.5.23Composites
2.5.24End of Topic Test - Materials
2.5.25End of Topic Test - Polymers
2.6Reactivity
2.6.1Ions
2.6.2Ionic Bonding
2.6.3State Symbols
2.6.4Balancing Chemical Equations
2.6.5Relative Formula Mass
2.6.6Calculating the Relative Formula Mass
2.6.7The Reactivity Series
2.6.8Carbon & The Reactivity Series
2.6.9Displacement Reactions
2.6.10Displacement Reactions - Halogens
2.6.11Alloys
2.6.12Metal Alloys
2.7Energetics
2.8Properties of Materials
3Physics
3.1Energy
3.1.1Energy Stores & Pathways
3.1.2Energy Transfers
3.1.3Common Energy Transfers
3.1.4Wasted Energy
3.1.5Efficiency of Energy Transfer
3.1.6Sankey Diagrams
3.1.7Heat & Temperature
3.1.8Heat Transfer
3.1.9Conductors vs Insulators
3.1.10Reducing Energy Transfers
3.1.11Energy & Power
3.1.12Energy in Food
3.1.13Calories
3.1.14Food Labels
3.1.15Energy at Home
3.1.16Fuel Bills
3.1.17Calculating Fuel Bills
3.1.18Non-Renewable Energy - Fossil Fuels
3.1.19Other Non-Renewables
3.1.20Renewable Energy - Air & Ground
3.1.21Renewable Energy - Water
3.1.22End of Topic Test - Energy
3.2Forces & Motion
3.2.1Forces
3.2.2Contact Forces
3.2.3Balanced Forces
3.2.4Force Diagrams & Resultant Forces
3.2.5Free Body Diagram - Uses
3.2.6Force & Acceleration
3.2.7Gravity
3.2.8Weight
3.2.9Pressure
3.2.10Speed
3.2.11Relative Motion
3.2.12Friction
3.2.13Water & Air Resistance
3.2.14Distance-Time Graphs
3.2.15Moments
3.2.16Levers
3.2.17Work
3.2.18Machines
3.2.19Work & Machines
3.2.20Elasticity
3.2.21Elasticity - Hooke's Law
3.2.22Density
3.2.23Floating & Sinking
3.2.24End of Topic Test - Forces & Motion
3.2.25Vacuums
3.2.26Thermal Energy & Conduction
3.2.27Convection & Radiation
3.2.28Evaporation
3.3Waves
3.3.1Waves
3.3.2Types of Waves
3.3.3Observing Waves
3.3.4Wave Speed
3.3.5Earthquakes
3.3.6Sound Waves
3.3.7Uses of Sound Waves
3.3.8The Interactions of Sound with Different Mediums
3.3.9Reflecting Sounds
3.3.10The Speed of Sound
3.3.11Measuring the Speed of Sound
3.3.12The Hearing Range of Humans
3.3.13The Human Ear
3.3.14Light Waves
3.3.15Reflection
3.3.16Drawing a Reflected Image
3.3.17Refraction
3.3.18The Human Eye
3.3.19The Eye as a Pinhole Camera
3.3.20Lenses
3.3.21Colour
3.3.22Seeing Colour
3.3.23Colours of Light
3.3.24Drawing Waves
3.3.25Wave Interactions
3.3.26Comparing Sound & Light
3.3.27End of Topic Test - Waves
3.3.28End of Topic Test - Sound
3.4Electricity & Magnetism
3.4.1Circuit Symbols
3.4.2Resistors & Diodes
3.4.3Electric Current
3.4.4Measuring Current
3.4.5Potential Difference
3.4.6Series Circuits
3.4.7Parallel Circuits
3.4.8Resistance
3.4.9Charges
3.4.10Static Electricity
3.4.11Magnets
3.4.12Magnetic Fields
3.4.13The Earth's Field
3.4.14Electromagnetism
3.4.15Uses of Electromagnets
3.4.16Strength of Magnetic Fields
3.4.17Circuit Symbols HyperLearning
3.5Matter
3.5.1Physical Reactions
3.5.2Changes of State
3.5.3Particles
3.5.4Density
3.5.5Density & the Particle Model
3.5.6The Equation for Density
3.5.7Dissolving
3.5.8Brownian Motion
3.5.9Diffusion
3.5.10Filtration
3.5.11Solids
3.5.12Liquids
3.5.13Gases
3.5.14Weight & Mass
3.5.15Gravity
3.5.16Gravitational Field Strength
3.5.17Gravity in Space
3.5.18Atmospheric Pressure
3.5.19Liquid Pressure
3.5.20End of Topic Test - Matter
4Thinking Scientifically
4.1Models & Representations
4.1.1Strengths & Limitations of Models
4.1.2Symbols & Formulae to Represent Scientific Ideas
4.1.3Analogies in Science
4.1.4Changing Models – Atomic Theory
4.1.5Working Safely in the Lab
4.1.6Variables
4.1.7Writing a Hypothesis & Prediction
4.1.8Planning an Experiment
4.1.9Maths Skills for Science
4.1.10Drawing Scientific Apparatus
4.1.11Observation & Measurement Skills
4.1.12Types of Data
4.1.13Graphs & Charts
4.1.14Bias in Science
4.1.15Conclude & Evaluate
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