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  1. Revision notes
  2. IGCSE
  3. Chemistry
  4. Cambridge International
  5. Higher
  6. Calculating Empirical Formula

Calculating Empirical Formula

Chemistry: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement, topic 3.3.7

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Previous topic3.3.6 Calculating the Moles of SoluteNext topic3.3.8 Chemical Equations

Chemistry: Cambridge International GCSE Supplement contents

  1. 1 States of Matter

    • 1.1 Solids, Liquids, & Gases

      • 1.1.1 States of Matter - Solids, Liquids & Gases
      • 1.1.2 Structure of Solids, Liquids & Gases
      • 1.1.3 Changes of State
      • 1.1.4 The Effects of Temperature & Pressure
      • 1.1.5 Kinetic Theory
      • 1.1.6 Kinetic Theory - Effects of Temperature & Pressure
    • 1.2 Diffusion

      • 1.2.1 Diffusion
      • 1.2.2 The Effect of Relative Molecular Mass
  2. 2 Atoms, Elements & Compounds

    • 2.1 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

      • 2.1.1 Differences Between Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
    • 2.2 Atomic Structure & the Periodic Table

      • 2.2.1 The Structure of the Atom
      • 2.2.2 Relative Charge, Mass & Atomic Numbers
      • 2.2.3 Electronic Configuration of Elements
    • 2.3 Isotopes

      • 2.3.1 Isotopes
      • 2.3.2 Electronic Configuration of Isotopes
      • 2.3.3 Calculating Relative Atomic Mass
    • 2.4 Ions & Ionic Bonds

      • 2.4.1 Properties of Ionic Compounds - Structure & Bond
      • 2.4.2 Formation of Ions & Ionic Bonds
      • 2.4.3 Formation of Ionic Bonds - Metals & Non-Metals
      • 2.4.4 Ionic Bonds
      • 2.4.5 Ionic Compounds
      • 2.4.6 Giant Lattice Structure of Ionic Compounds
    • 2.5 Simple Molecules & Covalent Bonds

      • 2.5.1 Covalent Bonds
      • 2.5.2 Formation of Covalent Bonds
      • 2.5.3 Structure & Properties of Simple Molecules
      • 2.5.4 Covalent Bonds in Simple Molecules
      • 2.5.5 Properties of Simple Molecular Compounds
    • 2.6 Giant Covalent Structures

      • 2.6.1 Giant Covalent Structures - Graphite
      • 2.6.2 Giant Covalent Structures - Diamond
      • 2.6.3 Uses of Graphite & Diamonds
      • 2.6.4 Giant Covalent Structures - Silicon Oxide
      • 2.6.5 Similarity Between Diamond & Silicon Oxide
    • 2.7 Metallic Bonding

      • 2.7.1 Metallic Bonding
      • 2.7.2 The Properties of Metals
  3. 3 Stoichometry

    • 3.1 Formulae

      • 3.1.1 Understanding Formulae
      • 3.1.2 Empirical Formula
      • 3.1.3 Stoichiometry - Formulae, Word & Symbol Equations
      • 3.1.4 Deduce & Write Ionic Compound Formulas
    • 3.2 Relative Masses of Atoms & Molecules

      • 3.2.1 Relative Atomic Mass
      • 3.2.2 Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)
      • 3.2.3 Calculating Reacting Masses
    • 3.3 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

      • 3.3.1 Introducing Moles
      • 3.3.2 Amounts of Substances
      • 3.3.3 Moles & Equations
      • 3.3.4 Calculations Involving Gases
      • 3.3.5 Calculating Stoichiometric Reacting Masses
      • 3.3.6 Calculating the Moles of Solute
      • 3.3.7 Calculating Empirical Formula
      • 3.3.8 Chemical Equations
      • 3.3.9 Percentage Yield
      • 3.3.10 Calculating Yield
      • 3.3.11 Percentage Purity
  4. 4 Electrochemistry

    • 4.1 Electrolysis

      • 4.1.1 Electrolytic Process
      • 4.1.2 Electrolysis Examples
      • 4.1.3 Electrolysis of a Binary Compound in Molten State
      • 4.1.4 Electroplating
      • 4.1.5 Transfer of Charge During Electrolysis
      • 4.1.6 Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions
      • 4.1.7 Electrolysis of Copper Sulfate
      • 4.1.8 Electrolysis of Halide Compounds
      • 4.1.9 Half-Equations
      • 4.1.10 Combustion of Hydrocarbons
    • 4.2 Hydrogen–Oxygen Fuel Cells

      • 4.2.1 Fuel Cells
      • 4.2.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
      • 4.2.3 Comparing Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells & Petrol
  5. 5 Chemical Energetics

    • 5.1 Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions

      • 5.1.1 Energy Conservation
      • 5.1.2 Exothermic Reactions
      • 5.1.3 Endothermic Reactions
      • 5.1.4 Energy Change of a Reaction
      • 5.1.5 Reaction Pathway Diagrams
      • 5.1.6 Calculating Enthalpy Change
  6. 6 Chemical Reactions

    • 6.1 Physical & Chemical Changes

      • 6.1.1 Difference btwn Physical & Chemical Changes
    • 6.2 Rate of Reaction

      • 6.2.1 Collision Theory & Rate of Reaction
      • 6.2.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
      • 6.2.3 Investigating Rate of Reaction by Change in Mass
      • 6.2.4 Investigating Rate - Formation of a Gas
      • 6.2.5 Evaluating Methods to Investigate Reaction Rates
    • 6.3 Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium

      • 6.3.1 Reversible Reactions
      • 6.3.2 Conditions & Equilibrium
      • 6.3.3 Dynamic Equilibrium
      • 6.3.4 Changing Conditions - Heat & Water Effects
      • 6.3.5 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Temperature
      • 6.3.6 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Pressure
      • 6.3.7 Factors Affecting Equilibria - Concentration
      • 6.3.8 The Haber Process
      • 6.3.9 The Haber Process Equation
    • 6.4 Redox

      • 6.4.1 Redox Reactions
      • 6.4.2 Redox Reactions - OIL RIG
      • 6.4.3 Examples of Redox Reactions
      • 6.4.4 Identifying Redox Reactions
      • 6.4.5 Identifying Redox Reactions by Colour Changes
      • 6.4.6 Testing for Oxidising & Reducing Agents
  7. 7 Acids, Bases & Salts

    • 7.1 The Characteristic Properties of Acids & Bases

      • 7.1.1 Acids & Alkali
      • 7.1.2 Reactions of Metals with Acids
      • 7.1.3 Reactions of Bases with Acids
      • 7.1.4 Reactions of Carbonates with Acids
      • 7.1.5 Identifying Acids
      • 7.1.6 Properties & Effects of Acids
      • 7.1.7 Properties of Bases - Reactions with Acids & Salts
      • 7.1.8 Properties of Alkalis & Indicators
      • 7.1.9 Strong vs Weak Acids
      • 7.1.10 Strong vs Weak Bases
      • 7.1.11 Understanding Universal Indicator Paper
      • 7.1.12 Acids, Bases & the Neutralisation Reaction
    • 7.2 Oxides

      • 7.2.1 Oxides
      • 7.2.2 Amphoteric Oxides - Reacting with Acids & Bases
    • 7.3 Preparation of Salts

      • 7.3.1 Soluble Salts
      • 7.3.2 Preparing Soluble Salts
      • 7.3.3 Solubility of Salts
      • 7.3.4 Preparing Insoluble Salts & Crystallisation
  8. 8 The Periodic Table

    • 8.1 Arrangement of Elements

      • 8.1.1 The Periodic Table
      • 8.1.2 Metals & Non-Metals
    • 8.2 Group I Properties

      • 8.2.1 Alkali Metals
      • 8.2.2 Alkali Metals - Properties
      • 8.2.3 Reactivity of Alkali Metals
      • 8.2.4 Alkali Metals & Water
    • 8.3 Group VII Properties

      • 8.3.1 The Halogens - Properties
      • 8.3.2 The Halogens - Colours & States
      • 8.3.3 The Halogen - Displacement 1
      • 8.3.4 The Halogen - Displacement 2
    • 8.4 Transition Elements

      • 8.4.1 Transition Metals
      • 8.4.2 Transition Metals - Special Properties
    • 8.5 Noble Gases

      • 8.5.1 Noble Gases - Properties
  9. 9 Metals

    • 9.1 Properties of Metals

      • 9.1.1 Physical Properties of Metals
      • 9.1.2 Chemical Properties of Metals
      • 9.1.3 Metal Oxides
    • 9.2 Uses of Metals

      • 9.2.1 Uses of Metals: Aluminium & Copper
    • 9.3 Alloys & Their Properties

      • 9.3.1 Alloys
      • 9.3.2 Alloys 2
      • 9.3.3 Alloys & their Uses in Everyday Life
      • 9.3.4 Structural Diagrams of Alloys
      • 9.3.5 Structure of Alloys & Their Strength
    • 9.4 Reactivity Series

      • 9.4.1 Metals - Reactivity Series & Reactivity
      • 9.4.2 Order of Reactivity
      • 9.4.3 Reactivity of Metals
    • 9.5 Corrosion of Metals

      • 9.5.1 Corrosion
      • 9.5.2 Preventing Corrosion
    • 9.6 Extraction of Metals

      • 9.6.1 Extraction of Metals
      • 9.6.2 Extracting Iron
      • 9.6.3 Extracting Aluminium from Bauxite
  10. 10 Chemistry of the Environment

    • 10.1 Water

      • 10.1.1 Testing & Treating Water
      • 10.1.2 Testing Water Purity Using Melting Point
      • 10.1.3 Water from Natural Sources
      • 10.1.4 Potable Water
    • 10.2 Fertilisers

      • 10.2.1 Nitrogen & Fertilisers
    • 10.3 Air Quality & Climate

      • 10.3.1 Gases in the Atmosphere
      • 10.3.2 Common Atmospheric Pollutants
      • 10.3.3 Consequences of Atmospheric Pollutants
      • 10.3.4 Strategies to Reduce Pollution Effects
      • 10.3.5 Photochemical Reactions
      • 10.3.6 Car Engines, Nitrogen Oxides, & Converters
  11. 11 Organic Chemistry

    • 11.1 Formulae, Functional Groups & Terminology

      • 11.1.1 Formula of a Molecule
      • 11.1.2 General Formulae of Organic Compounds
      • 11.1.3 Functional Groups
      • 11.1.4 Homologous Series
      • 11.1.5 Saturated & Unsaturated Organic Compounds
      • 11.1.6 Structural Formula
      • 11.1.7 Structural Isomers
    • 11.2 Naming Organic Compounds

      • 11.2.1 Drawing Displayed Formulae
      • 11.2.2 Naming Organic Compounds - Unbranched
      • 11.2.3 Naming Unbranched Esters from Alcohols & Acids
      • 11.2.4 Naming Structural Formulae
    • 11.3 Fuels

      • 11.3.1 Fossil Fuels
      • 11.3.2 Methane as the Main Constituent of Natural Gas
      • 11.3.3 Fuels & Hydrocarbons
      • 11.3.4 Petroleum - A Mixture of Hydrocarbons
      • 11.3.5 Fractional Distillation
      • 11.3.6 Fractions
      • 11.3.7 Uses of Fractions - Fuels
    • 11.4 Alkanes

      • 11.4.1 Alkanes
      • 11.4.2 Properties of Alkanes
      • 11.4.3 Substitution Reactions of Alkanes with Chlorine
    • 11.5 Alkenes

      • 11.5.1 Alkenes
      • 11.5.2 Shortest Alkenes
      • 11.5.3 Reactions of Alkenes
      • 11.5.4 Types of Alkene Reactions
      • 11.5.5 Cracking
      • 11.5.6 Testing Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
      • 11.5.7 Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions
    • 11.6 Alcohols

      • 11.6.1 Alcohols
      • 11.6.2 Smallest Alcohols
      • 11.6.3 Fermentation
      • 11.6.4 Steam
      • 11.6.5 Fermentation vs Hydration of Ethene
      • 11.6.6 Manufacture of Ethanol: Fermentation & Hydration
      • 11.6.7 Combustion of Ethanol
      • 11.6.8 Uses of Ethanol - Solvent & Fuel
      • 11.6.9 Advantages & Disadvantages of Ethanol Manufacture
    • 11.7 Carboxylic Acids

      • 11.7.1 Carboxylic Acids
      • 11.7.2 Smallest Carboxylic Acids
      • 11.7.3 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
      • 11.7.4 Formation of Ethanoic Acid
    • 11.8 Polymers

      • 11.8.1 Polymers
      • 11.8.2 Problems With Polymers
      • 11.8.3 Polymers & Plastics
      • 11.8.4 Problems with Plastics
      • 11.8.5 Condensation Polymerisation
      • 11.8.6 Condensation Polymerisation Examples
      • 11.8.7 Addition Polymerisation
      • 11.8.8 Addition Polymerisation Examples
      • 11.8.9 Structure of Polymers
      • 11.8.10 Natural Polyamides - Proteins & Amino Acids
  12. 12 Experimental Techniques & Chemical Analysis

    • 12.1 Experimental Design

      • 12.1.1 Measurement Tools
      • 12.1.2 Mixtures
      • 12.1.3 Understanding Solvents, Solutes, & Solutions
      • 12.1.4 Separating Mixtures
      • 12.1.5 Distillation
      • 12.1.6 Advantages & Disadvantages of Experimental Methods
    • 12.2 Acid-base Titrations

      • 12.2.1 Acid-base Titrations
    • 12.3 Chromatography

      • 12.3.1 Chromatography
      • 12.3.2 Paper Chromatography
      • 12.3.3 Chromatogram
    • 12.4 Separation & Purification

      • 12.4.1 Purity
      • 12.4.2 Methods of Separation & Purification
    • 12.5 Identification of Ions & Gases

      • 12.5.1 Testing Aqueous Cations 1
      • 12.5.2 Testing Aqueous Cations 2
      • 12.5.3 Testing Cations - Flame Tests
      • 12.5.4 Testing Cations
      • 12.5.5 Testing for Aqueous Cations
      • 12.5.6 Testing Anions - Sulfates
      • 12.5.7 Testing Anions - Nitrates
      • 12.5.8 Testing Gases - Hydrogen
      • 12.5.9 Testing Gases - Oxygen
      • 12.5.10 Testing Gases - Carbon Dioxide
      • 12.5.11 Testing Gases - Chlorine
      • 12.5.12 Identifying Gases

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