3.6.2
Trends in Physical Properties
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Trends in Physical Properties
Physical properties in organic compounds, such as boiling point and solubility, depend on the intermolecular forces that occur between molecules.
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Intermolecular forces
- Physical properties in organic compounds, depend on the intermolecular forces that occur between molecules.
- Intermolecular forces vary when:
- changing the molar mass (number of electrons)
- changing the amount of branching
- changing the functional group
Boiling point (volatility)
- As the chain becomes longer in a homologous series the boiling point increases, as shown above.
Boiling point (volatility) cont.
- The increase in boiling point is attributed to stronger London dispersion forces between molecules.
- Compounds with high boiling points have low volatilities and ones with low boiling points have high volatilities.
- Branched structural isomers typically have lower boiling points as more branching results in a more spherical conformation and lower surface contact.
Boiling point (volatility) cont.
- The functional group present in the molecule also influences the boiling point.
- The main types of functional groups and their corresponding intermolecular forces are summarised in the table above.
Solubility
- Hydrocarbons are soluble in apolar (aliphatic) solvents and are insoluble in water.
- Ethanol is soluble in water as it can hydrogen bond with water.
- Increasing the carbon-chain length makes the alcohol become less soluble in water.
- Hexan-1-ol has limited solubility in water and decan-1-ol is practically insoluble in water.
1Structure - Models of the Particulate of Matter
1.1Introduction to the Particulate Model of Matter
1.2The Nuclear Atom
1.3Electron Configuration
1.4Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole
1.6Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
1.7States of Matter & Changes of State
1.8Reacting Masses &. Volumes
1.9Solutions
2Structure - Models of Bonding & Structure
2.1The Ionic Model
2.2The Covalent Model
2.3Covalent Structures
2.4The Metallic Model
2.5From Models to Materials
2.6Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds
2.7Molecular Shape
3Structure - Classification of Matter
3.1The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements
3.2Periodic Trends
3.3Group 1 Alkali Metals
3.4Halogens
3.5Noble gases, group 18
3.6Functional Groups: Classification of Organic
3.7Functional Group Chemistry
3.8Alkanes
3.9Alcohols
4Reactivity - What Drives Chemical Reaction?
4.1Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions
4.2Enthalpy of Reaction, Formation, & Hess' Law
5Reactivity - How Much, How Fast & How Far?
5.1Kinetics
5.2Rates of Reaction
5.3Stoichometry
5.4Le Châtelier’s Principle
5.5Introduction to Equilibrium
5.6Equilibrium Constant
5.7Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant
6Reactivity - The Mechanisms of Chemical Change
6.1Proton Transfer Reactions
6.2The pH Scale
6.3Strong & Weak Acids and Bases
6.4Acid Deposition
6.5Types of Organic Reactions
6.6Oxidation & Reduction
6.7Electrochemical Cells
6.9Acid-Base Titrations
6.9.1Titration Calculation Weak Acid & Strong Base6.9.2Titration Experimental Detail6.9.3Extended Response - Titration6.9.4Titration Calculations6.9.5Titration Curves6.9.6Titration Calculation Strong Acid & Weak Base6.9.7IB Multiple Choice - Titrations6.9.8Polyprotic Acids6.9.9Titration Calculations Strong Acid & Strong Base6.9.10Titrations Curves 2
7Measurement, Data Processing & Analysis
7.1Uncertainties & Errors in Measurements & Results
7.2Graphical Techniques
7.3Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds
7.4Infrared Spectroscpy
Jump to other topics
1Structure - Models of the Particulate of Matter
1.1Introduction to the Particulate Model of Matter
1.2The Nuclear Atom
1.3Electron Configuration
1.4Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole
1.6Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
1.7States of Matter & Changes of State
1.8Reacting Masses &. Volumes
1.9Solutions
2Structure - Models of Bonding & Structure
2.1The Ionic Model
2.2The Covalent Model
2.3Covalent Structures
2.4The Metallic Model
2.5From Models to Materials
2.6Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds
2.7Molecular Shape
3Structure - Classification of Matter
3.1The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements
3.2Periodic Trends
3.3Group 1 Alkali Metals
3.4Halogens
3.5Noble gases, group 18
3.6Functional Groups: Classification of Organic
3.7Functional Group Chemistry
3.8Alkanes
3.9Alcohols
4Reactivity - What Drives Chemical Reaction?
4.1Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions
4.2Enthalpy of Reaction, Formation, & Hess' Law
5Reactivity - How Much, How Fast & How Far?
5.1Kinetics
5.2Rates of Reaction
5.3Stoichometry
5.4Le Châtelier’s Principle
5.5Introduction to Equilibrium
5.6Equilibrium Constant
5.7Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant
6Reactivity - The Mechanisms of Chemical Change
6.1Proton Transfer Reactions
6.2The pH Scale
6.3Strong & Weak Acids and Bases
6.4Acid Deposition
6.5Types of Organic Reactions
6.6Oxidation & Reduction
6.7Electrochemical Cells
6.9Acid-Base Titrations
6.9.1Titration Calculation Weak Acid & Strong Base6.9.2Titration Experimental Detail6.9.3Extended Response - Titration6.9.4Titration Calculations6.9.5Titration Curves6.9.6Titration Calculation Strong Acid & Weak Base6.9.7IB Multiple Choice - Titrations6.9.8Polyprotic Acids6.9.9Titration Calculations Strong Acid & Strong Base6.9.10Titrations Curves 2
7Measurement, Data Processing & Analysis
7.1Uncertainties & Errors in Measurements & Results
7.2Graphical Techniques
7.3Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds
7.4Infrared Spectroscpy
Practice questions on Trends in Physical Properties
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- 1Which of these statements is NOT correct?Multiple choice
- 2Which of these molecules has the highest boiling point?Multiple choice
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