2.3.3

VSEPR Theory

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Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

The final geometry of a covalent molecule depends on the number and type of electron domains around a central atom.

Electron domains

Electron domains

Electrons are attracted to and constrained around positive nuclei in electron domains.
When determining covalent molecular geometries, the repulsion between electron domains (electron pairs) around a central atom needs to be considered.
These electron domains repel each other until the repulsive forces are minimised to give an optimised geometry.

VSEPR theory

VSEPR theory

The final geometry of a covalent molecule depends on:
- The number of electron domains
- The identity of these electron domains (non-bonding vs. bonding)
Considering these effects when determining the molecular shape and bond angles of a molecule is called Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

Electron Domain and Molecular Geometries

A summary of how the number and type of electron domains relate to the electron domain and molecular geometries is shown below:

Linear

Linear

Total electron domains: 2
- bonding domains: 2
- non-bonding domains: 0
Electron domain geometry: Linear
Molecular geometry: Linear
Bond angle: 180°

Trigonal planar

Trigonal planar

Total electron domains: 3
- bonding domains: 3
- non-bonding domains: 0
Electron domain geometry: Trigonal planar
Molecular geometry: Trigonal planar
Bond angle: 120°

Trigonal planar - bent

Trigonal planar - bent

Total electron domains: 3
- bonding domains: 2
- non-bonding domains: 1
Electron domain geometry: Trigonal planar
Molecular geometry: Bent

Tetrahedral

Tetrahedral

Total electron domains: 4
- bonding domains: 4
- non-bonding domains: 0
Electron domain geometry: Tetrahedral
Molecular geometry: Tetrahedral
Bond angle: 109.5°

Tetrahedral - trigonal pyramidal

Tetrahedral - trigonal pyramidal

Total electron domains: 4
- bonding domains: 3
- non-bonding domains: 1
Electron domain geometry: Tetrahedral
Molecular geometry: Trigonal pyramidal

Tetrahedral - bent

Tetrahedral - bent

Total electron domains: 4
- bonding domains: 2
- non-bonding domains: 2
Electron domain geometry: Tetrahedral
Molecular geometry: Bent

Types of Bonding Domains

When considering molecular geometry, the type of electron domains present needs to be considered.

Bonding and non-bonding domains

Bonding and non-bonding domains

Electron domains can be either bonding or non-bonding.
Non-bonding domains (lone pairs) are attracted to only one nucleus, whereas a bonding domain is attracted to two nuclei.
The attraction of a bonding domain (bonding pair) by two nuclei causes the orbital to elongate and occupy less space around each nucleus compared to non-bonding domains.
Therefore, non-bonding electron domains repel more than bonding domains and inflict wider angles in molecular geometries.

Example

Example

This effect is summarised well by comparing the different molecular structures of methane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), and water (H₂O), which all have four electron domains.

Example

Example

1

Structure - Models of the Particulate of Matter

1.1

Introduction to the Particulate Model of Matter

1.1.1States of Matter 1.1.2Kinetic Molecular Theory 1.1.3Simple Sphere 1.1.4Changing State 1.1.5Forces Between Particles 1.1.6Changes of State 1.1.7Predicting States 1.1.8Changing State HyperLearning 1.1.9Ionization Energy

1.2

The Nuclear Atom

1.2.1Fundamental Particles 1.2.2Isotopes & Mass Number 1.2.3Mass Spectrometry 1.2.4Mass Spectrometry 1.2.5Mass Spectroscopy - Analysis 1.2.6Extended Response - Mass Spectrometry 1.2.7Radioactivity

1.3

Electron Configuration

1.3.1Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals 1.3.2Electron Configuration 1.3.3Absorption & Emission Spectra 1.3.4IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Structure 1.3.5Extended Response - The Atom & Electrons

1.4

Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole

1.4.1Relative Masses 1.4.2The Mole 1.4.3IB Multiple Choice - Moles

1.5

Ideal Gases

1.5.1Ideal Gas Equation 1.5.2Gas Laws 1.5.3IB Multiple Choice - Gases & Kinetics

1.6

Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

1.6.1Fundamental Particles 1.6.2Pure Substances 1.6.3Purity & The Law of Definite Proportion 1.6.4Mixtures 1.6.5Separating Mixtures 1.6.6IB Multiple Choice - Pure Substances 1.6.7Extended Response - Moles & Pure Substances

1.7

States of Matter & Changes of State

1.7.1States of Matter 1.7.2Particle Diagrams 1.7.3IB Multiple Choice - Solids, Liquids, & Gases 1.7.4Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations 1.7.5Empirical & Molecular Formulas

1.8

Reacting Masses &. Volumes

1.8.1Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations 1.8.2Percentage Yield

1.9

Solutions

1.9.1Molarity 1.9.2Particulate Model of Solutions

2

Structure - Models of Bonding & Structure

2.1

The Ionic Model

2.1.1Ionic Bonding

2.2

The Covalent Model

2.2.1Covalent Bonds 2.2.2Complex Ions 2.2.3Factors Affecting Covalent Bond Strength 2.2.4Polarity

2.3

Covalent Structures

2.3.1Ionic Lewis Structures 2.3.2Covalent Lewis Structures 2.3.3VSEPR Theory 2.3.4Resonance Structures 2.3.5Allotropes of Carbon 2.3.6Formal Charge 2.3.7End of Topic Quiz - Bonding 2.3.8IB Multiple Choice - Bonding & Lewis Structures 2.3.9IB Multiple Choice - Resonance & Formal Charge

2.4

The Metallic Model

2.4.1Metallic Bonding

2.5

From Models to Materials

2.5.1Alloys 2.5.2Properties of Polymers 2.5.3Polymerisation Reactions 2.5.4Introduction to Alkenes 2.5.5Reactions of Alkenes 2.5.6End of Topic Quiz - Alkenes

2.6

Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds

2.6.1Valence Electrons & Forming Ions 2.6.2Ionic Compounds 2.6.3End of Topic Quiz - Atoms & Ions 2.6.4IB Multiple Choice - Valence & Ions

2.7

Molecular Shape

2.7.1VSEPR 2.7.2Molecular Shapes 2.7.3Bond Hybridization 2.7.4IB Multiple Choice - VSEPR & Bond Hybridization 2.7.5Extended Response - Bonding & Molecular Shape

2.8

Intermolecular Forces

2.8.1Introduction to Intermolecular Forces 2.8.2London Dispersion Forces 2.8.3Dipole-Dipole Interactions 2.8.4Ion-Dipole Interactions 2.8.5Hydrogen Bonding 2.8.6Large Biomolecules 2.8.7IB Multiple Choice - Intermolecular Forces 2.8.8Extended Response - Hydrogen Bonding

3

Structure - Classification of Matter

3.1

The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements

3.1.1The Periodic Table 3.1.2Trends in the Periodic Table 3.1.3End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity & Trends 3.1.4Periodic Trends - Electronegativity & Affinity 3.1.5End of Topic Quiz - Periodic Trends 3.1.6IB Multiple Choice - Periodic Trends 3.1.7Extended Response - Periodic Table

3.2

Periodic Trends

3.2.1Atomic & Ionic Radii 3.2.2Ionisation & Electronegativity 3.2.3Metallic Behaviour & Oxides 3.2.4Period 3 Elements & Oxides 3.2.5Period 3 Oxides 3.2.6End of Topic Quiz - Period 3 3.2.7Periodic Trends: Blocks 3.2.8Redox Chemistry

3.3

Group 1 Alkali Metals

3.3.1Alkali Metals

3.4

Halogens

3.4.1Introduction to Halogens 3.4.2Reactions of Halogens 3.4.3Chlorine & Chlorate(I)3.4.4End of Topic Quiz - Group 7 3.4.5Exam-Style Question - Group 7 3.4.6End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity, Group 2 & 7

3.5

Noble gases, group 18

3.5.1Noble Gases

3.6

Functional Groups: Classification of Organic

3.6.1Nomenclature 3.6.2Trends in Physical Properties 3.6.3Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 3.6.4Nomenclature contd.3.6.5Types of Formulas 3.6.6Isomerism 3.6.7Formulae 3.6.8Homologous Series 3.6.9Structural Isomers

3.7

Functional Group Chemistry

3.7.1Degrees of Substitution 3.7.2Arenes

3.8

Alkanes

3.8.1Alkanes 3.8.2Fractional Distillation 3.8.3Cracking 3.8.4Combustion 3.8.5Chlorination 3.8.6End of Topic Quiz - Alkanes

3.9

Alcohols

3.9.1Production of Alcohols 3.9.2Oxidation of Alcohols 3.9.3Oxidation of Alcohols - 2 3.9.4Elimination Reactions 3.9.5End of Topic Quiz - Alcohols 3.9.6Exam-Style Question - Alcohols

3.10

Halogenoalkanes

3.10.1Substitution Reactions 3.10.2Elimination Reactions 3.10.3Ozone Depletion 3.10.4End of Topic Quiz - Halogenoalkanes

4

Reactivity - What Drives Chemical Reaction?

4.1

Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions

4.1.1Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions 4.1.2Energy Diagrams 4.1.3Heat Transfer & Thermal Equilibrium 4.1.4IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy & Energy

4.2

Enthalpy of Reaction, Formation, & Hess' Law

4.2.1Enthalpy of Reaction 4.2.2Bond Enthalpies 4.2.3Enthalpy of Formation 4.2.4Hess’ Law 4.2.5Thermodynamics & Kinetic Control 4.2.6End of Topic Quiz - Thermodynamics 4.2.7IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy 4.2.8Extended Response - Enthalpy Change

4.3

Entropy

4.3.1Introduction to Entropy 4.3.2Absolute Entropy & Entropy Change 4.3.3Free Energy 4.3.4Thermodynamically Favorable Reactions 4.3.5IB Multiple Choice - Entropy & Free Energy 4.3.6Extended Response - Free Energy

5

Reactivity - How Much, How Fast & How Far?

5.1

Kinetics

5.1.1Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction 5.1.2Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 5.1.3Increasing Rates 5.1.4End of Topic Quiz - Kinetics

5.2

Rates of Reaction

5.2.1Rate Equations 5.2.2Rate Equations 2 5.2.3The Effect of a Catalyst

5.3

Stoichometry

5.3.1Stoichiometry

5.4

Le Châtelier’s Principle

5.4.1Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle 5.4.2Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle 5.4.3Temperature & Le Châtelier’s Principle 5.4.4IB Multiple Choice -Le Châtelier’s Principle 5.4.5Extended Response - Le Châtelier

5.5

Introduction to Equilibrium

5.5.1Equilibrium & Equilibrium Graphs 5.5.2Dynamic Equilibria 5.5.3Reversible Reactions & Directions

5.6

Equilibrium Constant

5.6.1Calculating the Equilibrium Constant 5.6.2Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant 5.6.3Properties of the Equilibrium Constant 5.6.4Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations 5.6.5Representations of Equilibrium 5.6.6IB Multiple Choice - Equilibrium Constants 5.6.7Extended Response - Calculating Kc

5.7

Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant

5.7.1Reaction Quotient 5.7.2Equilibrium Constants 5.7.3Partial Pressures 5.7.4Kp 5.7.5IB Multiple Choice - Reaction Quotient & Kp 5.7.6Extended Response - Kp & Bond Enthalpy

6

Reactivity - The Mechanisms of Chemical Change

6.1

Proton Transfer Reactions

6.1.1Brønsted-Lowry Theory

6.2

The pH Scale

6.2.1pH & pOH 6.2.2Ionic Product of Water 6.2.3Using Kw 6.2.4IB Multiple Choice - pH & Kw 6.2.5Extended Response - Kw

6.3

Strong & Weak Acids and Bases

6.3.1Strong Acids & Bases 6.3.2Weak Acids & Ka 6.3.3Weak Bases & Kb 6.3.4Weak Acids & Bases Calculation Walkthrough

6.4

Acid Deposition

6.4.1Acid Deposition

6.5

Types of Organic Reactions

6.5.1Electrophilic Substitution

6.6

Oxidation & Reduction

6.6.1Oxidation Number Method 6.6.2Winkler Method 6.6.3Redox Reactions 6.6.4Oxidation States & Equations 6.6.5End of Topic Quiz - Redox 6.6.6Extended Response - Redox Reactions

6.7

Electrochemical Cells

6.7.1Introduction to Electrochemical Cells 6.7.2Galvanic Cells 6.7.3Cell Notation 6.7.4Electrolytic Cells 6.7.5Extended Response - Voltaic Cells & Redox

6.8

Titration

6.8.1Redox Titrations 6.8.2Titration Calculations 6.8.3Atom Economy

6.9

Acid-Base Titrations

6.9.1Titration Calculation Weak Acid & Strong Base 6.9.2Titration Experimental Detail 6.9.3Extended Response - Titration 6.9.4Titration Calculations 6.9.5Titration Curves 6.9.6Titration Calculation Strong Acid & Weak Base 6.9.7IB Multiple Choice - Titrations 6.9.8Polyprotic Acids 6.9.9Titration Calculations Strong Acid & Strong Base 6.9.10Titrations Curves 2

7

Measurement, Data Processing & Analysis

7.1

Uncertainties & Errors in Measurements & Results

7.1.1Qualitative & Quantitative data

7.2

Graphical Techniques

7.2.1Drawing & Interpreting Graphs 7.2.2Linear Interpolation

7.3

Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds

7.3.1Understanding NMR 7.3.2Carbon-13 NMR 7.3.3Hydrogen-1 NMR 7.3.4Hydrogen-1 NMR 2 7.3.5End of Topic Quiz - NMR

7.4

Infrared Spectroscpy

7.4.1Infrared Spectroscopy

Jump to other topics

1

Structure - Models of the Particulate of Matter

1.1

Introduction to the Particulate Model of Matter

1.1.1States of Matter 1.1.2Kinetic Molecular Theory 1.1.3Simple Sphere 1.1.4Changing State 1.1.5Forces Between Particles 1.1.6Changes of State 1.1.7Predicting States 1.1.8Changing State HyperLearning 1.1.9Ionization Energy

1.2

The Nuclear Atom

1.2.1Fundamental Particles 1.2.2Isotopes & Mass Number 1.2.3Mass Spectrometry 1.2.4Mass Spectrometry 1.2.5Mass Spectroscopy - Analysis 1.2.6Extended Response - Mass Spectrometry 1.2.7Radioactivity

1.3

Electron Configuration

1.3.1Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals 1.3.2Electron Configuration 1.3.3Absorption & Emission Spectra 1.3.4IB Multiple Choice - Atomic Structure 1.3.5Extended Response - The Atom & Electrons

1.4

Counting Particles by Mass: The Mole

1.4.1Relative Masses 1.4.2The Mole 1.4.3IB Multiple Choice - Moles

1.5

Ideal Gases

1.5.1Ideal Gas Equation 1.5.2Gas Laws 1.5.3IB Multiple Choice - Gases & Kinetics

1.6

Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

1.6.1Fundamental Particles 1.6.2Pure Substances 1.6.3Purity & The Law of Definite Proportion 1.6.4Mixtures 1.6.5Separating Mixtures 1.6.6IB Multiple Choice - Pure Substances 1.6.7Extended Response - Moles & Pure Substances

1.7

States of Matter & Changes of State

1.7.1States of Matter 1.7.2Particle Diagrams 1.7.3IB Multiple Choice - Solids, Liquids, & Gases 1.7.4Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations 1.7.5Empirical & Molecular Formulas

1.8

Reacting Masses &. Volumes

1.8.1Balancing Equations & Ionic Equations 1.8.2Percentage Yield

1.9

Solutions

1.9.1Molarity 1.9.2Particulate Model of Solutions

2

Structure - Models of Bonding & Structure

2.1

The Ionic Model

2.1.1Ionic Bonding

2.2

The Covalent Model

2.2.1Covalent Bonds 2.2.2Complex Ions 2.2.3Factors Affecting Covalent Bond Strength 2.2.4Polarity

2.3

Covalent Structures

2.3.1Ionic Lewis Structures 2.3.2Covalent Lewis Structures 2.3.3VSEPR Theory 2.3.4Resonance Structures 2.3.5Allotropes of Carbon 2.3.6Formal Charge 2.3.7End of Topic Quiz - Bonding 2.3.8IB Multiple Choice - Bonding & Lewis Structures 2.3.9IB Multiple Choice - Resonance & Formal Charge

2.4

The Metallic Model

2.4.1Metallic Bonding

2.5

From Models to Materials

2.5.1Alloys 2.5.2Properties of Polymers 2.5.3Polymerisation Reactions 2.5.4Introduction to Alkenes 2.5.5Reactions of Alkenes 2.5.6End of Topic Quiz - Alkenes

2.6

Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds

2.6.1Valence Electrons & Forming Ions 2.6.2Ionic Compounds 2.6.3End of Topic Quiz - Atoms & Ions 2.6.4IB Multiple Choice - Valence & Ions

2.7

Molecular Shape

2.7.1VSEPR 2.7.2Molecular Shapes 2.7.3Bond Hybridization 2.7.4IB Multiple Choice - VSEPR & Bond Hybridization 2.7.5Extended Response - Bonding & Molecular Shape

2.8

Intermolecular Forces

2.8.1Introduction to Intermolecular Forces 2.8.2London Dispersion Forces 2.8.3Dipole-Dipole Interactions 2.8.4Ion-Dipole Interactions 2.8.5Hydrogen Bonding 2.8.6Large Biomolecules 2.8.7IB Multiple Choice - Intermolecular Forces 2.8.8Extended Response - Hydrogen Bonding

3

Structure - Classification of Matter

3.1

The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements

3.1.1The Periodic Table 3.1.2Trends in the Periodic Table 3.1.3End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity & Trends 3.1.4Periodic Trends - Electronegativity & Affinity 3.1.5End of Topic Quiz - Periodic Trends 3.1.6IB Multiple Choice - Periodic Trends 3.1.7Extended Response - Periodic Table

3.2

Periodic Trends

3.2.1Atomic & Ionic Radii 3.2.2Ionisation & Electronegativity 3.2.3Metallic Behaviour & Oxides 3.2.4Period 3 Elements & Oxides 3.2.5Period 3 Oxides 3.2.6End of Topic Quiz - Period 3 3.2.7Periodic Trends: Blocks 3.2.8Redox Chemistry

3.3

Group 1 Alkali Metals

3.3.1Alkali Metals

3.4

Halogens

3.4.1Introduction to Halogens 3.4.2Reactions of Halogens 3.4.3Chlorine & Chlorate(I)3.4.4End of Topic Quiz - Group 7 3.4.5Exam-Style Question - Group 7 3.4.6End of Topic Quiz - Periodicity, Group 2 & 7

3.5

Noble gases, group 18

3.5.1Noble Gases

3.6

Functional Groups: Classification of Organic

3.6.1Nomenclature 3.6.2Trends in Physical Properties 3.6.3Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 3.6.4Nomenclature contd.3.6.5Types of Formulas 3.6.6Isomerism 3.6.7Formulae 3.6.8Homologous Series 3.6.9Structural Isomers

3.7

Functional Group Chemistry

3.7.1Degrees of Substitution 3.7.2Arenes

3.8

Alkanes

3.8.1Alkanes 3.8.2Fractional Distillation 3.8.3Cracking 3.8.4Combustion 3.8.5Chlorination 3.8.6End of Topic Quiz - Alkanes

3.9

Alcohols

3.9.1Production of Alcohols 3.9.2Oxidation of Alcohols 3.9.3Oxidation of Alcohols - 2 3.9.4Elimination Reactions 3.9.5End of Topic Quiz - Alcohols 3.9.6Exam-Style Question - Alcohols

3.10

Halogenoalkanes

3.10.1Substitution Reactions 3.10.2Elimination Reactions 3.10.3Ozone Depletion 3.10.4End of Topic Quiz - Halogenoalkanes

4

Reactivity - What Drives Chemical Reaction?

4.1

Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions

4.1.1Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions 4.1.2Energy Diagrams 4.1.3Heat Transfer & Thermal Equilibrium 4.1.4IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy & Energy

4.2

Enthalpy of Reaction, Formation, & Hess' Law

4.2.1Enthalpy of Reaction 4.2.2Bond Enthalpies 4.2.3Enthalpy of Formation 4.2.4Hess’ Law 4.2.5Thermodynamics & Kinetic Control 4.2.6End of Topic Quiz - Thermodynamics 4.2.7IB Multiple Choice - Enthalpy 4.2.8Extended Response - Enthalpy Change

4.3

Entropy

4.3.1Introduction to Entropy 4.3.2Absolute Entropy & Entropy Change 4.3.3Free Energy 4.3.4Thermodynamically Favorable Reactions 4.3.5IB Multiple Choice - Entropy & Free Energy 4.3.6Extended Response - Free Energy

5

Reactivity - How Much, How Fast & How Far?

5.1

Kinetics

5.1.1Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction 5.1.2Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 5.1.3Increasing Rates 5.1.4End of Topic Quiz - Kinetics

5.2

Rates of Reaction

5.2.1Rate Equations 5.2.2Rate Equations 2 5.2.3The Effect of a Catalyst

5.3

Stoichometry

5.3.1Stoichiometry

5.4

Le Châtelier’s Principle

5.4.1Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle 5.4.2Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle 5.4.3Temperature & Le Châtelier’s Principle 5.4.4IB Multiple Choice -Le Châtelier’s Principle 5.4.5Extended Response - Le Châtelier

5.5

Introduction to Equilibrium

5.5.1Equilibrium & Equilibrium Graphs 5.5.2Dynamic Equilibria 5.5.3Reversible Reactions & Directions

5.6

Equilibrium Constant

5.6.1Calculating the Equilibrium Constant 5.6.2Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant 5.6.3Properties of the Equilibrium Constant 5.6.4Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations 5.6.5Representations of Equilibrium 5.6.6IB Multiple Choice - Equilibrium Constants 5.6.7Extended Response - Calculating Kc

5.7

Reaction Quotient & Equilibrium Constant

5.7.1Reaction Quotient 5.7.2Equilibrium Constants 5.7.3Partial Pressures 5.7.4Kp 5.7.5IB Multiple Choice - Reaction Quotient & Kp 5.7.6Extended Response - Kp & Bond Enthalpy

6

Reactivity - The Mechanisms of Chemical Change

6.1

Proton Transfer Reactions

6.1.1Brønsted-Lowry Theory

6.2

The pH Scale

6.2.1pH & pOH 6.2.2Ionic Product of Water 6.2.3Using Kw 6.2.4IB Multiple Choice - pH & Kw 6.2.5Extended Response - Kw

6.3

Strong & Weak Acids and Bases

6.3.1Strong Acids & Bases 6.3.2Weak Acids & Ka 6.3.3Weak Bases & Kb 6.3.4Weak Acids & Bases Calculation Walkthrough

6.4

Acid Deposition

6.4.1Acid Deposition

6.5

Types of Organic Reactions

6.5.1Electrophilic Substitution

6.6

Oxidation & Reduction

6.6.1Oxidation Number Method 6.6.2Winkler Method 6.6.3Redox Reactions 6.6.4Oxidation States & Equations 6.6.5End of Topic Quiz - Redox 6.6.6Extended Response - Redox Reactions

6.7

Electrochemical Cells

6.7.1Introduction to Electrochemical Cells 6.7.2Galvanic Cells 6.7.3Cell Notation 6.7.4Electrolytic Cells 6.7.5Extended Response - Voltaic Cells & Redox

6.8

Titration

6.8.1Redox Titrations 6.8.2Titration Calculations 6.8.3Atom Economy

6.9

Acid-Base Titrations

6.9.1Titration Calculation Weak Acid & Strong Base 6.9.2Titration Experimental Detail 6.9.3Extended Response - Titration 6.9.4Titration Calculations 6.9.5Titration Curves 6.9.6Titration Calculation Strong Acid & Weak Base 6.9.7IB Multiple Choice - Titrations 6.9.8Polyprotic Acids 6.9.9Titration Calculations Strong Acid & Strong Base 6.9.10Titrations Curves 2

7

Measurement, Data Processing & Analysis

7.1

Uncertainties & Errors in Measurements & Results

7.1.1Qualitative & Quantitative data

7.2

Graphical Techniques

7.2.1Drawing & Interpreting Graphs 7.2.2Linear Interpolation

7.3

Spectroscopic Identification of Organic Compounds

7.3.1Understanding NMR 7.3.2Carbon-13 NMR 7.3.3Hydrogen-1 NMR 7.3.4Hydrogen-1 NMR 2 7.3.5End of Topic Quiz - NMR

7.4

Infrared Spectroscpy

7.4.1Infrared Spectroscopy

Practice questions on VSEPR Theory

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1
Which of these statements is NOT correct?Multiple choice
2
What is the correct bond angle for a molecule with a tetrahedral molecular geometry?Multiple choice
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What is the predicted molecular geometry for a molecule with 3 bonding domains and 1 non-bonding domain?Multiple choice
4
Which of these statements is NOT correct?Multiple choice
5
Which of these combinations is likely to produce the smallest bond angle?Multiple choice

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Covalent Lewis Structures

Resonance Structures