Fuel Cells

1.1.1States of Matter - Solids, Liquids & Gases

1.1.2Structure of Solids, Liquids & Gases

1.1.3Changes of State

1.1.4The Effects of Temperature & Pressure

1.1.5Kinetic Theory

1.1.6Kinetic Theory - Effects of Temperature & Pressure

1.2.1Diffusion

1.2.2The Effect of Relative Molecular Mass

2.1.1Differences Between Elements, Compounds & Mixtures

2.2.1The Structure of the Atom

2.2.2Relative Charge, Mass & Atomic Numbers

2.2.3Electronic Configuration of Elements

2.3.1Isotopes

2.3.2Electronic Configuration of Isotopes

2.3.3Calculating Relative Atomic Mass

2.4.1Properties of Ionic Compounds - Structure & Bond

2.4.2Formation of Ions & Ionic Bonds

2.4.3Formation of Ionic Bonds - Metals & Non-Metals

2.4.4Ionic Bonds

2.4.5Ionic Compounds

2.4.6Giant Lattice Structure of Ionic Compounds

2.5.1Covalent Bonds

2.5.2Formation of Covalent Bonds

2.5.3Structure & Properties of Simple Molecules

2.5.4Covalent Bonds in Simple Molecules

2.5.5Properties of Simple Molecular Compounds

2.6.1Giant Covalent Structures - Graphite

2.6.2Giant Covalent Structures - Diamond

2.6.3Uses of Graphite & Diamonds

2.6.4Giant Covalent Structures - Silicon Oxide

2.6.5Similarity Between Diamond & Silicon Oxide

2.7.1Metallic Bonding

2.7.2The Properties of Metals

3.1.1Understanding Formulae

3.1.2Empirical Formula

3.1.3Stoichiometry - Formulae, Word & Symbol Equations

3.1.4Deduce & Write Ionic Compound Formulas

3.2.1Relative Atomic Mass

3.2.2Relative Molecular Mass (Mr)

3.2.3Calculating Reacting Masses

3.3.1Introducing Moles

3.3.2Amounts of Substances

3.3.3Moles & Equations

3.3.4Calculations Involving Gases

3.3.5Calculating Stoichiometric Reacting Masses

3.3.6Calculating the Moles of Solute

3.3.7Calculating Empirical Formula

3.3.8Chemical Equations

3.3.9Percentage Yield

3.3.10Calculating Yield

3.3.11Percentage Purity

4.1.1Electrolytic Process

4.1.2Electrolysis Examples

4.1.3Electrolysis of a Binary Compound in Molten State

4.1.4Electroplating

4.1.5Transfer of Charge During Electrolysis

4.1.6Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions

4.1.7Electrolysis of Copper Sulfate

4.1.8Electrolysis of Halide Compounds

4.1.9Half-Equations

4.1.10Combustion of Hydrocarbons

4.2.2Hydrogen Fuel Cells

4.2.3Comparing Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cells & Petrol

5.1.1Energy Conservation

5.1.2Exothermic Reactions

5.1.3Endothermic Reactions

5.1.4Energy Change of a Reaction

5.1.5Reaction Pathway Diagrams

5.1.6Calculating Enthalpy Change

6.1.1Difference btwn Physical & Chemical Changes

6.2.1Collision Theory & Rate of Reaction

6.2.2Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction

6.2.3Investigating Rate of Reaction by Change in Mass

6.2.4Investigating Rate - Formation of a Gas

6.2.5Evaluating Methods to Investigate Reaction Rates

6.3.1Reversible Reactions

6.3.2Conditions & Equilibrium

6.3.3Dynamic Equilibrium

6.3.4Changing Conditions - Heat & Water Effects

6.3.5Factors Affecting Equilibria - Temperature

6.3.6Factors Affecting Equilibria - Pressure

6.3.7Factors Affecting Equilibria - Concentration

6.3.8The Haber Process

6.3.9The Haber Process Equation

6.4.1Redox Reactions

6.4.2Redox Reactions - OIL RIG

6.4.3Examples of Redox Reactions

6.4.4Identifying Redox Reactions

6.4.5Identifying Redox Reactions by Colour Changes

6.4.6Testing for Oxidising & Reducing Agents

7.1.1Acids & Alkali

7.1.2Reactions of Metals with Acids

7.1.3Reactions of Bases with Acids

7.1.4Reactions of Carbonates with Acids

7.1.5Identifying Acids

7.1.6Properties & Effects of Acids

7.1.7Properties of Bases - Reactions with Acids & Salts

7.1.8Properties of Alkalis & Indicators

7.1.9Strong vs Weak Acids

7.1.10Strong vs Weak Bases

7.1.11Understanding Universal Indicator Paper

7.1.12Acids, Bases & the Neutralisation Reaction

7.2.1Oxides

7.2.2Amphoteric Oxides - Reacting with Acids & Bases

7.3.1Soluble Salts

7.3.2Preparing Soluble Salts

7.3.3Solubility of Salts

7.3.4Preparing Insoluble Salts & Crystallisation

8.1.1The Periodic Table

8.1.2Metals & Non-Metals

8.2.1Alkali Metals

8.2.2Alkali Metals - Properties

8.2.3Reactivity of Alkali Metals

8.2.4Alkali Metals & Water

8.3.1The Halogens - Properties

8.3.2The Halogens - Colours & States

8.3.3The Halogen - Displacement 1

8.3.4The Halogen - Displacement 2

8.4.1Transition Metals

8.4.2Transition Metals - Special Properties

8.5.1Noble Gases - Properties

9.1.1Physical Properties of Metals

9.1.2Chemical Properties of Metals

9.1.3Metal Oxides

9.2.1Uses of Metals: Aluminium & Copper

9.3.1Alloys

9.3.2Alloys 2

9.3.3Alloys & their Uses in Everyday Life

9.3.4Structural Diagrams of Alloys

9.3.5Structure of Alloys & Their Strength

9.4.1Metals - Reactivity Series & Reactivity

9.4.2Order of Reactivity

9.4.3Reactivity of Metals

9.5.1Corrosion

9.5.2Preventing Corrosion

9.6.1Extraction of Metals

9.6.2Extracting Iron

9.6.3Extracting Aluminium from Bauxite

10.1.1Testing & Treating Water

10.1.2Testing Water Purity Using Melting Point

10.1.3Water from Natural Sources

10.1.4Potable Water

10.2.1Nitrogen & Fertilisers

10.3.1Gases in the Atmosphere

10.3.2Common Atmospheric Pollutants

10.3.3Consequences of Atmospheric Pollutants

10.3.4Strategies to Reduce Pollution Effects

10.3.5Photochemical Reactions

10.3.6Car Engines, Nitrogen Oxides, & Converters

11.1.1Formula of a Molecule

11.1.2General Formulae of Organic Compounds

11.1.3Functional Groups

11.1.4Homologous Series

11.1.5Saturated & Unsaturated Organic Compounds

11.1.6Structural Formula

11.1.7Structural Isomers

11.2.1Drawing Displayed Formulae

11.2.2Naming Organic Compounds - Unbranched

11.2.3Naming Unbranched Esters from Alcohols & Acids

11.2.4Naming Structural Formulae

11.3.1Fossil Fuels

11.3.2Methane as the Main Constituent of Natural Gas

11.3.3Fuels & Hydrocarbons

11.3.4Petroleum - A Mixture of Hydrocarbons

11.3.5Fractional Distillation

11.3.6Fractions

11.3.7Uses of Fractions - Fuels

11.4.1Alkanes

11.4.2Properties of Alkanes

11.4.3Substitution Reactions of Alkanes with Chlorine

11.5.1Alkenes

11.5.2Shortest Alkenes

11.5.3Reactions of Alkenes

11.5.4Types of Alkene Reactions

11.5.5Cracking

11.5.6Testing Saturated & Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

11.5.7Properties of Alkenes - Addition Reactions

11.6.1Alcohols

11.6.2Smallest Alcohols

11.6.3Fermentation

11.6.4Steam

11.6.5Fermentation vs Hydration of Ethene

11.6.6Manufacture of Ethanol: Fermentation & Hydration

11.6.7Combustion of Ethanol

11.6.8Uses of Ethanol - Solvent & Fuel

11.6.9Advantages & Disadvantages of Ethanol Manufacture

11.7.1Carboxylic Acids

11.7.2Smallest Carboxylic Acids

11.7.3Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

11.7.4Formation of Ethanoic Acid

11.8.1Polymers

11.8.2Problems With Polymers

11.8.3Polymers & Plastics

11.8.4Problems with Plastics

11.8.5Condensation Polymerisation

11.8.6Condensation Polymerisation Examples

11.8.7Addition Polymerisation

11.8.8Addition Polymerisation Examples

11.8.9Structure of Polymers

11.8.10Natural Polyamides - Proteins & Amino Acids

12.1.1Measurement Tools

12.1.2Mixtures

12.1.3Understanding Solvents, Solutes, & Solutions

12.1.4Separating Mixtures

12.1.5Distillation

12.1.6Advantages & Disadvantages of Experimental Methods

12.2.1Acid-base Titrations

12.3.1Chromatography

12.3.2Paper Chromatography

12.3.3Chromatogram

12.4.1Purity

12.4.2Methods of Separation & Purification

12.5.1Testing Aqueous Cations 1

12.5.2Testing Aqueous Cations 2

12.5.3Testing Cations - Flame Tests

12.5.4Testing Cations

12.5.5Testing for Aqueous Cations

12.5.6Testing Anions - Sulfates

12.5.7Testing Anions - Nitrates

12.5.8Testing Gases - Hydrogen

12.5.9Testing Gases - Oxygen

12.5.10Testing Gases - Carbon Dioxide

12.5.11Testing Gases - Chlorine

12.5.12Identifying Gases