People & Animals

Gender of Nouns for People and Animals

The most common noun endings are 'o' for masculine nouns, and 'a' for feminine nouns. But there are others. When talking about animals and people they can either be masculine or feminine.

Nouns ending in 'o'

Nouns that end in 'o' are generally masculine.
To form the feminine of these nouns you replace the 'o' with an 'a'.
- El tío → La tía.
  - The Uncle → The Aunt.

Nouns ending in 'd', 'l', 'n', 'r', 's' and 'z'

When in the masculine form these nouns do not have an 'o'.
To put them into the feminine form you add an 'a' to the masculine form.
- El doctor → La doctora.
  - The doctor.
There are two main exceptions, which stay in the masculine form even when feminine.
- El/la joven (the youth) and El/la líder (the leader).

Nouns ending in 'e'

Nouns that end in 'e' stay that way when masculine.
When these nouns are feminine sometimes the 'e' changes to an 'a', while sometimes it stays the same.
- El presidente → La presidenta.
  - The president.
- El alcalde → La alcalde.
  - The mayor.
An exception to this is:
- El tigre (the tiger) → La tigresa (the tigress).

Nouns ending in 'ón' or 'ín'

These nouns, in the masculine form, end in 'ón' or 'ín'.
In the feminine form they change to 'ona' or 'ina'.
- 'El campeón → la campeona.
  - The champion.
- El bailarín → La bailarina.
  - The ballet dancer

Nouns ending in 'í' or 'ú'

These nouns are normally masculine.
These nouns are usually only feminine when talking about someone's nationality or religion.
These noun endings do not change when feminine, It is only the article that changes.
- El ají - the chilli pepper.
- El hindú → La hindú - the Hindu.

1The Basics

1.1Pronouns

1.1.1Personal Pronouns

1.2Verbs

1.2.13 Types of Verbs

1.2.2The Infinitive

1.3Nouns

1.3.1Nouns Endings - 'O', 'A', 'OS' and 'AS'

1.3.2Other Noun Endings

1.4Adjectives

1.4.1Gender

1.4.2Position of Adjectives

1.5Abbreviations

1.5.1Common Abbreviations

1.6Time

1.6.1Time Expressions

1.6.2Time Expressions 2

1.6.3Time Expressions - Sometimes

1.6.4Time Expressions - A While

1.6.5The Seasons

1.6.6Telling the Time

2Current & Future Study & Employment

2.1School & Subjects

2.1.1A Good Student

2.1.2My Studies

2.1.3Life At School

2.1.4Some Common Conjunctions

2.1.5Subjects

2.1.6Subjects 2

2.1.7Future Study

2.1.8School Routine

2.1.9Exam-Style Questions - Schools

2.2School & Subjects - Translations (Foundation)

2.2.1School - Spanish to English (Foundation)

2.2.2School - English to Spanish (Foundation)

2.2.3School - Translations (Foundation)

2.2.4Subjects - Spanish to English (Foundation)

2.2.5Subjects - English to Spanish (Foundation)

2.2.6Subjects - Translations (Foundation)

2.2.7School Routine - Spanish to English (Foundation)

2.2.8School Routine - English to Spanish (Foundation)

2.2.9School Routine- Translations (Foundation)

2.3School & Subjects - Translations (Higher)

2.3.1School - Spanish to English (Higher)

2.3.2School - English to Spanish (Higher)

2.3.3School - Translations (Higher)

2.3.4Subjects - Spanish to English (Higher)

2.3.5Subjects - English to Spanish (Higher)

2.3.6Subjects - Translations (Higher)

2.3.7School Routine- Translations (Higher)

2.4Education Post - 16

2.4.1To Go or Not To Go to University?

2.4.2University

2.4.3Regular AR Verbs

2.4.4'Ir'

2.4.5Work

2.4.6Ideal Job

2.4.7Regular ER Verbs

2.4.8Exam-Style Questions - Ideal Job

2.5Education Post - 16 - Translations (Foundation)

2.5.1University - Spanish to English (Foundation)

2.5.2University - English to Spanish (Foundation)

2.5.3University - Translations (Foundation)

2.5.4Jobs & Careers - Spanish to English (Foundation)

2.5.5Jobs & Careers - English to Spanish (Foundation)

2.5.6Jobs & Careers - Translations (Foundation)

2.6Education Post - 16 - Translations (Higher)

2.6.1University - Spanish to English (Higher)

2.6.2University - English to Spanish (Higher)

2.6.3University - Translations (Higher)

2.6.4Jobs & Careers - Spanish to English (Higher)

2.6.5Jobs & Careers - English to Spanish (Higher)

2.6.6Jobs & Careers - Translations (Higher)

3Identity & Culture

3.1Me, My Family & Friends

3.2Me, Family & Friends - Translations (Foundation)

3.2.1Greetings - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.2.2Greetings - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.2.3Greetings - Translations (Foundation)

3.2.4Age & Name - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.2.5Age & Name - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.2.6Age & Name - Translations (Foundation)

3.2.7Describing Yourself - Spanish to English (Foundati

3.2.8Describing Yourself - English to Spanish (Foundati

3.2.9Describing Yourself - Translations (Foundation)

3.2.10Friends - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.2.11Friends - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.2.12Friends - Translations (Foundation)

3.2.13Personality - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.2.14Personality - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.2.15Personality - Translations (Foundation)

3.2.16Family - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.2.17Family - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.2.18Family - Translations (Foundation)

3.2.19Describing Family - Spanish to English (Foundation

3.2.20Describing Family - English to Spanish (Foundation

3.2.21Describing Family - Translations (Foundation)

3.2.22Relationships - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.2.23Relationships - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.2.24Relationships - Translations (Foundation)

3.3Me, Family & Friends - Translations (Higher)

3.3.1Age & Name - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.3.2Describing Yourself - Translations (Higher)

3.3.3Greetings - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.3.4Greetings - Translations (Higher)

3.3.5Age & Name - Translations (Higher)

3.3.6Friends - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.3.7Describing Yourself - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.3.8Personality - Translations (Higher)

3.3.9Personality - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.3.10Friends - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.3.11Friends - Translations (Higher)

3.3.12Describing Family - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.3.13Family - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.3.14Family - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.3.15Describing Family - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.3.16Family - Translations (Higher)

3.3.17Describing Family - Translations (Higher)

3.3.18Relationships - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.3.19Relationships - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.3.20Relationships - Translations (Higher)

3.4Technology in Everyday Life

3.4.1Forming the Present Perfect

3.4.2Stem Changing ER Verbs (o - e)

3.4.3Social Media

3.4.4Social Media 2

3.4.5Positives of Social Media

3.4.6Negatives of Social Media

3.4.7Mobile Technology

3.4.8Your Devices

3.4.9'Para' or 'Por'

3.4.10'No' - Negative Verbs

3.5Tech in Everyday Life - Translations (Foundation)

3.5.1Social Media - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.5.2Social Media - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.5.3Social Media - Translations (Foundation)

3.5.4Mobile Technology - Spanish to English (Foundation

3.5.5Mobile Technology - English to Spanish (Foundation

3.5.6Mobile Technology - Translations (Foundation)

3.6Tech in Everyday Life - Translations (Higher)

3.6.1Social Media - Translations (Higher)

3.6.2Mobile Technology - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.6.3Mobile Technology - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.6.4Mobile Technology - Translations (Higher)

3.7Free Time Activities

3.8Free Time Activities - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.1Music - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.2Music - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.8.3Music - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.4Cinema & TV - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.5Cinema & TV - English to Sp (Foundation)anish

3.8.6Cinema & TV - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.7Food - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.8Food - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.8.9Food - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.10Meat & Fish - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.11Meat & Fish - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.8.12Meat & Fish - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.13Fruit & Veg - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.14Fruit & Veg - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.8.15Fruit & Veg - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.16Drinks & Snacks - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.17Drinks & Snacks - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.8.18Drinks & Snacks - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.19Eating Out - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.20Eating Out - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.8.21Eating Out - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.22Sport - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.23Sport- English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.8.24Sport - Translations (Foundation)

3.8.25Fashion - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.8.26Fashion - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.8.27Fashion - Translations (Foundation)

3.9Free Time Activities - Translations (Higher)

3.9.1Music - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.9.2Music - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.9.3Music - Translations (Higher)

3.9.4Cinema & TV - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.9.5Cinema & TV - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.9.6Cinema & TV - Translations (Higher)

3.9.7Food - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.9.8Food - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.9.9Food - Translations (Higher)

3.9.10Meat & Fish - Translations (Higher)

3.9.11Fruit & Veg - Translations (Higher)

3.9.12Drinks & Snacks - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.9.13Drinks & Snacks - Translations (Higher)

3.9.14Eating Out - Translations (Higher)

3.9.15Sport - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.9.16Sport- English to Spanish (Higher)

3.9.17Sport - Translations (Higher)

3.9.18Fashion - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.9.19Fashion - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.9.20Fashion - Translations (Higher)

3.10Customs & Festivals in Spanish Speaking Countries

3.10.1Customs & Festivals

3.10.2Exam-Style Questions - Festivals

3.10.3Regular AR Verbs

3.10.4Regular ER Verbs

3.10.5Regular IR Verbs

3.11Customs & Festivals - Translations (Foundation)

3.11.1Festivals Vocab - Spanish to English (Foundation)

3.11.2Festivals Vocab - English to Spanish (Foundation)

3.11.3Festivals - Translations (Foundation)

3.12Customs & Festivals - Translations (Higher)

3.12.1Festivals Vocab - Spanish to English (Higher)

3.12.2Festivals Vocab - English to Spanish (Higher)

3.12.3Festivals - Translations (Higher)

4Areas of Interest

4.1Home, Town, Neighbourhood & Region

4.1.1Home

4.1.2What Is There in Your House?

4.1.3Set Expressions

4.1.4Near Your Home

4.1.5Location

4.1.6Common Prepositions

4.1.7Shops

4.1.8Shops 2

4.1.9Places in Town

4.1.10Places in Town 2

4.1.11Town & Region

4.1.12The City and The Countryside

4.1.13The Best, The Worst

4.1.14Directions

4.1.15Near, There

4.1.16Positive Imperative

4.1.17Exam-Style Questions - Directions

4.2Home & Region - Translations (Foundation)

4.2.1Home - Spanish to English (Foundation)

4.2.2Home - English to Spanish (Foundation)

4.2.3Home - Translations (Foundation)

4.2.4Near Your Home - Spanish to English (Foundation)

4.2.5Near Your Home - English to Spanish (Foundation)

4.2.6Near Your Home - Translations (Foundation)

4.2.7Shops - Spanish to English (Foundation)

4.2.8Shops - English to Spanish (Foundation)

4.2.9Shops - Translations (Foundation)

4.2.10Places in Town - Spanish to English (Foundation)

4.2.11Places in Town - English to Spanish (Foundation)

4.2.12Places in Town - Translations (Foundation)

4.2.13Region & Directions - English to Spanish (Found.)

4.2.14Region & Directions - Spanish to English (Found.)

4.2.15Region & Directions - Translations (Foundation)

4.3Home & Region - Translations (Higher)

4.3.1Home - Spanish to English (Higher)

4.3.2Home - English to Spanish (Higher)

4.3.3Home - Translations (Higher)

4.3.4Near Your Home - Spanish to English (Higher)

4.3.5Near Your Home - English to Spanish (Higher)

4.3.6Near Your Home - Translations (Higher)

4.3.7Shops - Spanish to English (Higher)

4.3.8Shops - English to Spanish (Higher)

4.3.9Shops - Translations (Higher)

4.3.10Places in Town - Translations 1 (Higher)

4.3.11Places in Town - Translations 2 (Higher)

4.3.12Region & Directions - English to Spanish (Higher)

4.3.13Region & Directions - Spanish to English (Higher)

4.3.14Region & Directions - Translations (Higher)

4.4Social Issues

4.4.1Charity Work

4.4.2Strong Preterite Root Vowel Changes to 'I'

4.4.3Charity Work 2

4.4.4The Head

4.4.5The Body 1

4.4.6The Body 2

4.4.7Illness

4.4.8Recovery

4.4.9Exam-Style Questions - Illness

4.4.10A Healthy Life

4.4.11An Unhealthy Life

4.4.12Asking Questions

4.4.13Asking Questions 2

4.5Social Issues - Translations (Foundation)

4.5.1Charity - English to Spanish (Foundation)

4.5.2Charity - Spanish to English (Foundation)

4.5.3Charity - Translations (Foundation)

4.5.4Body & Illness - Spanish to English (Foundation)

4.5.5Body & Illness - English to Spanish (Foundation)

4.5.6Body & Illness - Translations (Foundation)

4.5.7Healthy Life - Spanish to English (Foundation)

4.5.8Healthy Life - English to Spanish (Foundation)

4.5.9A Healthy Life - Translations (Foundation)

4.6Social Issues - Translations (Higher)

4.6.1Healthy Life - English to Spanish (Higher)

4.6.2Body & Illness - Spanish to English (Higher)

4.6.3Charity - English to Spanish (Higher)

4.6.4Healthy Life - Spanish to English (Higher)

4.6.5A Healthy Life - Translations (Higher)

4.6.6Body & Illness - English to Spanish (Higher)

4.6.7Charity - Translations (Higher)

4.6.8Charity - Spanish to English (Higher)

4.6.9Body & Illness - Translations (Higher)

4.7Global Issues

4.7.1The Environment

4.7.2Exam-Style Questions - Environment

4.7.3Poverty & Homelessness

4.8Global Issues - Translations

4.8.1Environment - Spanish to English

4.8.2Environment - English to Spanish

4.8.3Environment - Translations

4.8.4Poverty - Spanish to English

4.8.5Poverty - English to Spanish

4.8.6Poverty - Translations

4.9Travel & Tourism

4.9.1Holidays

4.9.2Holidays - Past Tense

4.9.3What Did You Do on Holiday?

4.9.4Exam-Style Questions - Holidays

4.9.5Making a Reservation

4.9.6Accommodation

4.9.7Tourism

4.9.8Good Weather

4.9.9Bad Weather

4.9.10Weather - Conditional Tense

4.9.11Exam-Style Questions - Weather

4.10Travel & Tourism - Translations

4.10.1Holidays - Spanish to English

4.10.2Holidays - English to Spanish

4.10.3Holidays - Translations

4.10.4Booking - Spanish to English

4.10.5Booking - English to Spanish

4.10.6Booking - Translations

4.10.7Tourism - Spanish to English

4.10.8Tourism - English to Spanish

4.10.9Tourism - Translations

4.10.10Weather - Spanish to English

4.10.11Weather - English to Spanish

4.10.12Weather - Translations

5Listening Practice

5.1Me, My Family & Friends - Listening

5.1.1Family & Friends - Listening (All)

5.1.2Family & Friends - Listening (Higher)

5.1.3Marriage & Partnerships - Listening (All)

5.1.4Marriage & Partnerships - Listening (Higher)

5.2Technology in Everyday Life - Listening

5.2.1Social Media - Listening (All)

5.2.2Social Media - Listening (Higher)

5.2.3Mobile Technology - Listening (All)

5.2.4Mobile Technology - Listening (Higher)

5.2.5Exam-Style Questions - Technology Addict

5.3Free-Time - Listening

5.3.1Music - Listening (All)

5.3.2Music - Listening (Higher)

5.3.3Cinema & TV - Listening (All)

5.3.4Cinema & TV - Listening (Higher)

5.3.5Food & Eating Out - Listening (All)

5.3.6Food & Eating Out - Listening (Higher)

5.3.7Sport - Listening (All)

5.3.8Sport - Listening (Higher)

5.3.9Exam-Style Questions - Sport

5.4Customs & Festivals - Listening

5.4.1Day of the Dead - Listening (All)

5.5Home, Town, Neighbourhood & Region - Listening

5.5.1My Neighbourhood - Listening

5.6Social Issues - Listening

5.6.1Charity & Voluntary Work

5.6.2Healthy & Unhealthy Living

5.6.3The Environment

5.6.4Exam-Style Questions - The Environment

5.6.5Poverty & Homelessness

5.7Travel & Tourism - Listening

5.7.1Tourism

5.8Education - Listening

5.8.1Life at School

5.8.2Education Post-16

5.8.3Jobs, Careers, & Ambition

6Common Tenses

6.1Present Tense

6.1.1Regular AR Verbs

6.1.25 Common AR Verbs

6.1.3Negative Verbs

6.1.4Irregular AR Verbs

6.1.5Irregular AR Verbs - Exceptions

6.1.6Regular ER Verbs

6.1.75 Common ER Verbs

6.1.8Irregular ER Verbs

6.1.9Irregular ER Verbs - First Person Stem Changes

6.1.10Regular IR Verbs

6.1.115 Common IR Verbs

6.1.12Irregular IR Verbs

6.1.13Irregular IR Verbs - Adding an Accent

6.1.14Irregular IR Verbs - Exceptions

6.1.15Irregular IR Verbs - 'Ir'

6.1.16Irregular IR Verbs - Verbs Ending in '-uir'

6.1.17Verb Phrases

6.1.18The Use of 'Se'

6.2Preterite Tense

6.2.1Regular AR Verbs

6.2.2Irregular AR Verbs

6.2.3Irregular AR Verbs 2

6.2.4Regular ER Verbs

6.2.5Irregular ER Verbs

6.2.6Irregular ER Verbs - Ver & Tener

6.2.7Irregular ER Verbs 2

6.2.8Regular IR Verbs

6.2.9Irregular IR Verbs - Preterite

6.2.10Irregular IR Verbs - Decir, Venir & Ir

6.2.11Irregular IR Verbs 3

6.3Imperfect Tense

6.3.1Regular Verbs

6.3.2Irregular Verbs

6.4Preterite vs Imperfect Tenses

6.4.1Uses of the Preterite

6.4.2Uses of the Imperfect

6.4.3Preterite vs Imperfect

6.5Future Tense

6.5.1The Future with 'Ir'

7Important Verbs

7.1To Be - 'Ser' & 'Estar'

7.1.1Conjugation

7.1.2Uses of 'Ser'

7.1.3Uses of 'Ser' y 'Estar'

7.1.4Expressions Using 'Estar"

7.2To Like - 'Gustar'

7.2.1How to Use 'Gustar'

7.3To Have - 'Tener'

7.3.1How to Use 'Tener'

7.3.2Phrases Using 'Tener'

8Advanced Tenses

8.1The Simple Future

8.1.1Using the Simple Future

8.1.2Regular Verbs

8.1.3Irregular Verbs

8.1.4Irregular Verbs 2

8.2Conditional Tense

8.2.1Regular Verbs

8.2.2'Hacer' & 'Decir'

8.2.3Irregular Verbs

8.3Continuous Tenses

8.3.1Forming the Gerund

8.3.2Present Continuous

8.3.3Imperfect Continuous

8.4Perfect Tense

8.4.1Past Participles

8.4.2Present Perfect

8.4.3Pluperfect

8.4.4Passive Voice

8.5Present Subjunctive

8.5.1Present Subjunctive - Regular AR Verbs

8.5.2Present Subjunctive - Regular ER Verbs

8.5.3Present Subjunctive - Regular IR Verbs

8.5.4Present Subjunctive - Irregular AR Verbs

8.5.5Irregular AR Verbs 2

8.5.6Irregular AR Verbs 3

8.5.7Present Subjunctive - Irregular ER Verbs

8.5.8Irregular ER Verbs 2

8.5.9Irregular IR Verbs

8.5.10Irregular IR Verbs 2

8.5.11Irregular IR Verbs 3

8.5.12Present Subjunctive - Uses

8.6Imperfect Subjunctive

8.6.1Imperfect Subjunctive - Regular AR Verbs

8.6.2Imperfect Subjunctive - Irregular AR Verbs

8.6.3Imperfect Subjunctive - Regular ER Verbs

8.6.4Imperfect Subjunctive - Irregular ER Verbs

8.6.5Imperfect Subjunctive - Regular IR Verbs

8.6.6Imperfect Subjunctive - Irregular IR Verbs

8.7Imperative

8.7.1Positive Imperative

8.7.2Negative Imperative

8.7.3Irregular Imperatives

9Extra Grammar

9.1Articles

9.1.1Definite Article

9.1.2Uses of the Definite Article

9.1.3Indefinite Article

9.1.4Uses of the Indefinite Article

9.1.5Lo + Adjective

9.2Negatives

9.2.1Negatives

9.3Nouns

9.3.1People & Animals

9.3.2Nouns that Stay the Same

9.3.3Nouns that Only Take One Article

9.3.4Masculine vs Feminine Nouns

9.3.5Masculine Exceptions

9.3.6Feminine Exceptions

9.3.7Noun Endings that Are Usually Feminine

9.3.8Noun Endings that Are Usually Masculine

9.3.9Nouns that End in a Vowel

9.3.10Nouns that End in a Consonant

9.3.11Masculine Nouns

9.3.12Masculine & Feminine Nouns

9.4Asking Questions

9.4.1Asking Questions Without Question Words

9.4.2Question Words

9.4.3Common Questions

9.5Adjectives

9.5.1Adjectives that Change Endings

9.5.2Adjectives that Remain the Same

9.5.3'Grande' & 'Bueno'

9.5.4Plurals Ending in a Consonant (r, l, s, d etc.)

9.5.5Plurals Ending in a Vowel (a, e etc.)

9.5.6The Best, The Worst

9.5.7This, These, That and Those

9.5.8Possession Before a Noun

9.5.9Possession After a Noun

9.5.10Whose

9.5.11Indefinite

9.6Adverbs

9.6.1Adding 'Mente'

9.6.2Quantity

9.6.3Place

9.6.4Time

9.6.5Frequency

9.6.6Still & Yet

9.7Conjunctions

9.7.1What are Conjunctions?

9.7.2Some Common Conjunctions

9.7.3Connectors

9.8Pronouns

9.8.1This, These, That & Those

9.8.2Possession

9.8.3Someone, Something

9.8.4Reflexive Pronouns

9.8.5Direct Object

9.8.6After Prepositions

9.8.7'Que' & 'Quien'

9.8.8'El Que' & 'El Cual'

9.8.9'Lo Que' & 'Lo Cual'

9.9By, With, From, Of

9.9.1By, With, From, Of

9.9.2'A' & 'De'

9.9.3For - 'Para'

9.9.4For - 'Por'

9.10Verbs

9.10.1Derivatives AR Verbs

9.10.25 Common AR Derivative Verbs

9.10.35 Common ER Derivative Verbs

9.10.45 Common IR Derivative Verbs

9.10.5Reflexives AR Verbs

9.10.66 Common Reflexive AR Verbs

9.10.76 Common Reflexive ER Verbs

9.10.86 Common Reflexive IR Verbs

9.11Comparisons

9.11.1Adjectives for Comparing Things

9.11.2Adjectives that Change when Comparing

9.11.3Comparing with Adverbs

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