3.2.2
External Processes
External Processes
External Processes
Educational achievement (how pupils do in school) can be affected by internal and external factors. External factors are things that lie outside the school environment which affect pupils’ attainment.
Gender socialisation
Gender socialisation
- It takes place in the family.
- The family is responsible for primary socialisation of the children and it might differ from family to family.
- Gender socialisation entails learning how to behave, to communicate, to socialise with others and the norms and values of society.
Material deprivation
Material deprivation
- Refers to people who can’t afford the goods that are seen as necessary in society.
- Examples of material deprivation can be lack of money, resources, cramped living conditions.
- It can affect pupils’ attainment as these poor conditions can lead to reduced attendance which can impact on their performance.
Parental attitudes
Parental attitudes
- Parents can differ in how much they value their children’s education.
- Parents who value it and encourage children to have high aspirations tend to see better results from their children.
- Some parents put a large amount of pressure on their children to succeed academically, and this may have the opposite effect.
- Other parents might think that education isn’t necessary and important.
External Processes
External Processes
Educational achievement (how pupils do in school) can be affected by internal and external factors. External factors are things that lie outside the school environment which affect pupils’ attainment.
Language development
Language development
- Social class: parents of different social classes might use language differently.
- Language spoken at home: students who don't speak English at home may be delayed in their learning compared to their classmates who are native speakers.
Employment
Employment
- The job market today is very competitive and it might work as a motivational factor.
- Gender: girls might feel more social pressure to try hard at school because there are more opportunities for them than in previous generations.
Government
Government
- Some of the government's educational policies can affect pupils’ attainment.
- For instance, the removal of coursework might have a negative impact on pupils who tend to do well on that, but benefit other pupils.
Willis on Counter School Cultures
Willis on Counter School Cultures
Willis
Willis
- Willis is a Marxist.
- He highlighted the fact that there is conflict within the education system.
- He believes that education is not necessarily a good agency of socialisation.
- He also claims that education might not always benefit capitalism.
Research methods
Research methods
- Willis studied a school in the Midlands close to a working-class housing estate.
- His research methods were: observation, participant observation, recording group discussions, informal interviews and diaries.
- Willis wanted to see schooling through the eyes of the students.
Conclusions
Conclusions
- Willis concluded that there is counter culture.
- Counter culture describes a group that oppose the values of the school by feeling superior to the teachers and the conformist students.
- The students of the anti-school subculture avoided lessons and resented the school's rules to control them.
Conclusions cont.
Conclusions cont.
- However, Willis concluded that this negative attitude towards the school prepared them for unskilled manual work which was quite easy to obtain in the 1970s.
1The Sociological Approach
1.1Introduction to Sociology
1.2Sociological Approaches
1.3The Consensus vs. Conflict Debate
2Families
2.1Functions of Families
2.2Family Forms
2.3Conjugal Role Relationships
2.4Changing Relationships Within Families
2.5Criticisms of Families
3Education
3.1Roles & Functions of Education
3.2Processes Within Schools
4Crime & Deviance
4.1The Social Construction of Crime
4.2Social Control
4.3Criminal & Deviant Behaviour
5Social Stratification
5.1Social Stratification
5.2Poverty as a Social Issue
6Sociological Research Methods
6.1Research Methods
6.1.1Research Design
6.1.2The Scientific Method
6.1.3Other Considerations
6.1.4Primary Sources
6.1.5Secondary Sources
6.1.6Surveys
6.1.7Sampling
6.1.8Questionnaires
6.1.9Interviews
6.1.10Observation
6.1.11Statistics
6.1.12Case Studies
6.1.13Longitudinal Studies
6.1.14Ethnography
6.1.15Experiments
6.1.16Small Scale Research
6.1.17End of Topic Test - Research Methods
Jump to other topics
1The Sociological Approach
1.1Introduction to Sociology
1.2Sociological Approaches
1.3The Consensus vs. Conflict Debate
2Families
2.1Functions of Families
2.2Family Forms
2.3Conjugal Role Relationships
2.4Changing Relationships Within Families
2.5Criticisms of Families
3Education
3.1Roles & Functions of Education
3.2Processes Within Schools
4Crime & Deviance
4.1The Social Construction of Crime
4.2Social Control
4.3Criminal & Deviant Behaviour
5Social Stratification
5.1Social Stratification
5.2Poverty as a Social Issue
6Sociological Research Methods
6.1Research Methods
6.1.1Research Design
6.1.2The Scientific Method
6.1.3Other Considerations
6.1.4Primary Sources
6.1.5Secondary Sources
6.1.6Surveys
6.1.7Sampling
6.1.8Questionnaires
6.1.9Interviews
6.1.10Observation
6.1.11Statistics
6.1.12Case Studies
6.1.13Longitudinal Studies
6.1.14Ethnography
6.1.15Experiments
6.1.16Small Scale Research
6.1.17End of Topic Test - Research Methods
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