1.3.5

Intermolecular Forces 2

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Permanent Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Permanent dipole-dipole interactions exist between two permanently polar molecules.

Permanent dipoles

Permanent dipoles

Permanent dipoles have a δ^- on one side and a δ⁺ on the other.
The δ⁺ of one molecule will attract the δ^- of another molecule.
- This means that the molecules will line up throughout a liquid or solid in this fashion.
- Permanent dipole-dipole forces are the second strongest molecular interaction.

Polar molecules

Polar molecules

Permanent dipole-dipole interactions are only possible in molecules that contain a permanent dipole.
- So they are only found between polar molecules.

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds only exist between some specific types of molecules. These intermolecular forces are stronger than induced and permanent dipole-dipole interactions.

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds

A hydrogen bond is the name given to a very strong permanent dipole-permanent dipole force.
With some elements, hydrogen can form extremely strong dipole-dipole interactions.
- When these are strong enough to be considered a bond, it is called a hydrogen bond.

Where are hydrogen bonds found?

Where are hydrogen bonds found?

Hydrogen bonds are found when you have a hydrogen atom bonded to either oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
That hydrogen atom will form a strong permanent dipole-dipole interaction with another oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
Examples of liquids with hydrogen bonds are:
- Water.
- Hydrogen fluoride.
- Ammonia.

Why do hydrogen bonds form?

Why do hydrogen bonds form?

When hydrogen is bonded to an extremely electronegative element, it develops a strong δ⁺ charge.
Hydrogen is a very small atom, so it has a high charge density in this situation.
- This allows it to form a strong bond with any highly δ^- charged atom.

1

Physical Chemistry

1.1

Atoms, Molecules & Stoichiometry

1.1.1Relative Masses 1.1.2The Mole 1.1.3Mass Spectrometry 1.1.4Empirical & Molecular Formulae 1.1.5Balanced Equations 1.1.6Molar Volume 1.1.7End of Topic Test - Amount of Substance

1.2

Atomic Structure

1.2.1Fundamental Particles 1.2.2Isotopes & Mass Number 1.2.3Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals 1.2.4Electron Configuration 1.2.5Ionisation Energy 1.2.6Factors Affecting Ionisation Energies 1.2.7Trends of Ionisation 1.2.8Specific Impacts on Ionisation Energies 1.2.9Electron Affinity 1.2.10End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure 1.2.11A-A* (AO2/3) - Atomic Structure

1.3

Chemical Bonding

1.3.1Ionic Bonding 1.3.2Covalent & Dative Bonding 1.3.3Shapes of Molecules 1.3.4Intermolecular Forces 1.3.5Intermolecular Forces 2 1.3.6Electronegativity 1.3.7Bond Length, Bond Energy, & Bond Polarity 1.3.8Metallic Bonding 1.3.9Physical Properties 1.3.10End of Topic Test - Bonding 1.3.11A-A* (AO2/3) - Bonding

1.4

States of Matter

1.4.1Simple Covalent Molecules 1.4.2The Ideal Gas Equation 1.4.3States of Matter 1.4.4Particle Diagrams 1.4.5The Liquid State 1.4.6Giant Ionic Lattices 1.4.7Giant Metallic Lattices 1.4.8Giant Covalent Structures 1.4.9Graphene & Fullerene 1.4.10Recycling

1.5

Chemical Energetics

1.5.1Calorimetry 1.5.2Bond Enthalpies 1.5.3Enthalpy Changes 1.5.4Hess' Law 1.5.5Born-Haber Cycles 1.5.6Born-Haber Cycle Calculations 1.5.7Entropy 1.5.8Free Energy 1.5.9End of Topic Test - Energetics

1.6

Electrochemistry

1.6.1Electrochemical Cells 1.6.2Electrochemical Series 1.6.3Commercial Application 1.6.4Nernst Equation 1.6.5Redox

1.7

Equilibria

1.7.1Dynamic Equilibrium & Le Chatelier 1.7.2Kc 1.7.3Kp 1.7.4pH 1.7.5The Ionic Product of Water 1.7.6Weak Acids & Bases 1.7.7Introduction to Solubility Equilibria 1.7.8Solubility Equilibria Calculations 1.7.9Free Energy of Dissolution 1.7.10pH and Solubility 1.7.11Common-Ion Effect 1.7.12End of Topic Test - Kp & Electrochemistry 1.7.13A-A* (AO2/3) - Electrochemical Cells

1.8

Partition Coefficient

1.9

Reaction Kinetics

1.9.1Collision Theory 1.9.2Orders, Rate Constants & Equations 1.9.3Rate Graphs 1.9.4Rate Determining Step 1.9.5Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 1.9.6Catalysts 1.9.7Homogeneous Catalysts 1.9.8Heterogeneous Catalysts 1.9.9End of Topic Test - Kinetics 1.9.10End of Topic Test - Rate Equations 1.9.11A-A* (AO2/3) - Rate Equations

2

Inorganic Chemistry

2.1

The Periodic Table

2.1.1The Periodic Table 2.1.2Trends in the Periodic Table 2.1.3End of Topic Test - Periodicity & Trends 2.1.4Ceramics 2.1.5Period 3 Elements & Oxides 2.1.6Period 3 Oxides 2.1.7End of Topic Test - Period 3

2.2

Group 2

2.2.1Group 2 Chemistry

2.3

Group 17

2.3.1Introduction to Halogens 2.3.2Reactions of Halogens 2.3.3Chlorine & Chlorate(I)2.3.4End of Topic Test - Group 17 2.3.5A-A* (AO2/3) - Periodicity, Group 2 & 17

2.4

Transition Metals

2.4.1General Properties 2.4.2Titrations 2.4.3Shapes of Complex Ions 2.4.4Variable Oxidation States 2.4.5Ligands 2.4.6Colours of Ions 2.4.7Stereoisomerism of Complex Ions 2.4.8Cisplatin 2.4.9Ligand Substitutions & Kstab 2.4.10End of Topic Test - Transition Metals 2.4.11A-A* (AO2/3) - Transition Metals

2.5

Nitrogen & Sulfur

2.5.1Nitrogen & Ammonia 2.5.2Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers 2.5.3Nitrogen Containing Fertilisers 2.5.4Fertilizers & Eutrophication 2.5.5Common Atmospheric Pollutants & Their Properties 2.5.6Catalytic Converters 2.5.7Atmospheric Oxides

3

Organic Chemistry & Analysis

3.1

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

3.1.1Naming Conventions 3.1.2Mechanism 3.1.3Isomerism 3.1.4End of Topic Test - Introduction to Organic Chem

3.2

Hydrocarbons

3.2.1Fractional Distillation 3.2.2Cracking 3.2.3Combustion 3.2.4Chlorination 3.2.5End of Topic Test - Alkanes 3.2.6Introduction to Alkenes 3.2.7Reactions of Alkenes 3.2.8Polymerisation Reactions 3.2.9End of Topic Test - Alkenes 3.2.10Arenes 3.2.11Evidence for Structure of Arenes 3.2.12Reactions of Benzene 3.2.13End of Topic Test -Arenes

3.3

Halogen Derivatives

3.3.1Properties of Haloalkanes 3.3.2Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes 3.3.3Environmental Impacts of Haloalkanes 3.3.4End of Topic Test - Halogenoalkanes

3.4

Hydroxy Compounds

3.4.1Types of Alcohol 3.4.2Oxidation 1 3.4.3Oxidation 2 3.4.4Elimination 3.4.5Acids & Esters 3.4.6Acyl Chlorides & Acylation 3.4.7Phenols & Their Reactions 3.4.8End of Topic Test - Alcohols

3.5

Carbonyl Compounds

3.5.1Carbonyls 3.5.2Hydrogen Bonding & Carbonyls 3.5.3Aldehydes & Ketones 3.5.4Tri-Iodomethane Reaction 3.5.5End of Topic Test -Carbonyls

3.6

Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives

3.6.1Properties of Carboxylic Acids 3.6.2Esters 3.6.3Acyl Chlorides 3.6.4End of Topic Test - Carboxylic Acids

3.7

Nitrogen Compounds

3.7.1Nature & Preparation of Amines 3.7.2Basicity & Nucleophilicity 3.7.3Amides 3.7.4Reactions of Amino Acids 3.7.5Amino Acids

3.8

Polymerisation

3.8.1Properties of Addition Polymers 3.8.2Condensation Polymerisation 3.8.3Effects of Side-Chains on Polymers 3.8.4Hydrolysis of Ester & Amide Groups 3.8.5Proteins 3.8.6DNA 3.8.7Adhesive & Conducting Polymers 3.8.8End of Topic Test - Amines & Proteins

3.9

Analytical Techniques

3.9.1Chromatography 3.9.2High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 3.9.3Gas Chromatography 3.9.4IR Spectroscopy 3.9.5Uses of IR Spectroscopy 3.9.6Mass Spectrometry 3.9.7Mass Spectrometry Analysis 3.9.8Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 3.9.9Carbon-13 NMR 3.9.10Proton NMR I 3.9.11Proton NMR II 3.9.12End of Topic Test - Analytical Techniques 3.9.13A-A* (AO2/3) - Analytical Techniques

3.10

Organic Synthesis

3.10.1Chirality & Drug Synthesis 3.10.2Organic Synthesis 3.10.3Examples of Synthetic Routes 3.10.4End of Topic Test - Organic Synthesis

Jump to other topics

1

Physical Chemistry

1.1

Atoms, Molecules & Stoichiometry

1.1.1Relative Masses 1.1.2The Mole 1.1.3Mass Spectrometry 1.1.4Empirical & Molecular Formulae 1.1.5Balanced Equations 1.1.6Molar Volume 1.1.7End of Topic Test - Amount of Substance

1.2

Atomic Structure

1.2.1Fundamental Particles 1.2.2Isotopes & Mass Number 1.2.3Electron Shells, Sub-Shells & Orbitals 1.2.4Electron Configuration 1.2.5Ionisation Energy 1.2.6Factors Affecting Ionisation Energies 1.2.7Trends of Ionisation 1.2.8Specific Impacts on Ionisation Energies 1.2.9Electron Affinity 1.2.10End of Topic Test - Atomic Structure 1.2.11A-A* (AO2/3) - Atomic Structure

1.3

Chemical Bonding

1.3.1Ionic Bonding 1.3.2Covalent & Dative Bonding 1.3.3Shapes of Molecules 1.3.4Intermolecular Forces 1.3.5Intermolecular Forces 2 1.3.6Electronegativity 1.3.7Bond Length, Bond Energy, & Bond Polarity 1.3.8Metallic Bonding 1.3.9Physical Properties 1.3.10End of Topic Test - Bonding 1.3.11A-A* (AO2/3) - Bonding

1.4

States of Matter

1.4.1Simple Covalent Molecules 1.4.2The Ideal Gas Equation 1.4.3States of Matter 1.4.4Particle Diagrams 1.4.5The Liquid State 1.4.6Giant Ionic Lattices 1.4.7Giant Metallic Lattices 1.4.8Giant Covalent Structures 1.4.9Graphene & Fullerene 1.4.10Recycling

1.5

Chemical Energetics

1.5.1Calorimetry 1.5.2Bond Enthalpies 1.5.3Enthalpy Changes 1.5.4Hess' Law 1.5.5Born-Haber Cycles 1.5.6Born-Haber Cycle Calculations 1.5.7Entropy 1.5.8Free Energy 1.5.9End of Topic Test - Energetics

1.6

Electrochemistry

1.6.1Electrochemical Cells 1.6.2Electrochemical Series 1.6.3Commercial Application 1.6.4Nernst Equation 1.6.5Redox

1.7

Equilibria

1.7.1Dynamic Equilibrium & Le Chatelier 1.7.2Kc 1.7.3Kp 1.7.4pH 1.7.5The Ionic Product of Water 1.7.6Weak Acids & Bases 1.7.7Introduction to Solubility Equilibria 1.7.8Solubility Equilibria Calculations 1.7.9Free Energy of Dissolution 1.7.10pH and Solubility 1.7.11Common-Ion Effect 1.7.12End of Topic Test - Kp & Electrochemistry 1.7.13A-A* (AO2/3) - Electrochemical Cells

1.8

Partition Coefficient

1.9

Reaction Kinetics

1.9.1Collision Theory 1.9.2Orders, Rate Constants & Equations 1.9.3Rate Graphs 1.9.4Rate Determining Step 1.9.5Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 1.9.6Catalysts 1.9.7Homogeneous Catalysts 1.9.8Heterogeneous Catalysts 1.9.9End of Topic Test - Kinetics 1.9.10End of Topic Test - Rate Equations 1.9.11A-A* (AO2/3) - Rate Equations

2

Inorganic Chemistry

2.1

The Periodic Table

2.1.1The Periodic Table 2.1.2Trends in the Periodic Table 2.1.3End of Topic Test - Periodicity & Trends 2.1.4Ceramics 2.1.5Period 3 Elements & Oxides 2.1.6Period 3 Oxides 2.1.7End of Topic Test - Period 3

2.2

Group 2

2.2.1Group 2 Chemistry

2.3

Group 17

2.3.1Introduction to Halogens 2.3.2Reactions of Halogens 2.3.3Chlorine & Chlorate(I)2.3.4End of Topic Test - Group 17 2.3.5A-A* (AO2/3) - Periodicity, Group 2 & 17

2.4

Transition Metals

2.4.1General Properties 2.4.2Titrations 2.4.3Shapes of Complex Ions 2.4.4Variable Oxidation States 2.4.5Ligands 2.4.6Colours of Ions 2.4.7Stereoisomerism of Complex Ions 2.4.8Cisplatin 2.4.9Ligand Substitutions & Kstab 2.4.10End of Topic Test - Transition Metals 2.4.11A-A* (AO2/3) - Transition Metals

2.5

Nitrogen & Sulfur

2.5.1Nitrogen & Ammonia 2.5.2Formulated vs Manure Fertilisers 2.5.3Nitrogen Containing Fertilisers 2.5.4Fertilizers & Eutrophication 2.5.5Common Atmospheric Pollutants & Their Properties 2.5.6Catalytic Converters 2.5.7Atmospheric Oxides

3

Organic Chemistry & Analysis

3.1

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

3.1.1Naming Conventions 3.1.2Mechanism 3.1.3Isomerism 3.1.4End of Topic Test - Introduction to Organic Chem

3.2

Hydrocarbons

3.2.1Fractional Distillation 3.2.2Cracking 3.2.3Combustion 3.2.4Chlorination 3.2.5End of Topic Test - Alkanes 3.2.6Introduction to Alkenes 3.2.7Reactions of Alkenes 3.2.8Polymerisation Reactions 3.2.9End of Topic Test - Alkenes 3.2.10Arenes 3.2.11Evidence for Structure of Arenes 3.2.12Reactions of Benzene 3.2.13End of Topic Test -Arenes

3.3

Halogen Derivatives

3.3.1Properties of Haloalkanes 3.3.2Substitution Reactions of Haloalkanes 3.3.3Environmental Impacts of Haloalkanes 3.3.4End of Topic Test - Halogenoalkanes

3.4

Hydroxy Compounds

3.4.1Types of Alcohol 3.4.2Oxidation 1 3.4.3Oxidation 2 3.4.4Elimination 3.4.5Acids & Esters 3.4.6Acyl Chlorides & Acylation 3.4.7Phenols & Their Reactions 3.4.8End of Topic Test - Alcohols

3.5

Carbonyl Compounds

3.5.1Carbonyls 3.5.2Hydrogen Bonding & Carbonyls 3.5.3Aldehydes & Ketones 3.5.4Tri-Iodomethane Reaction 3.5.5End of Topic Test -Carbonyls

3.6

Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives

3.6.1Properties of Carboxylic Acids 3.6.2Esters 3.6.3Acyl Chlorides 3.6.4End of Topic Test - Carboxylic Acids

3.7

Nitrogen Compounds

3.7.1Nature & Preparation of Amines 3.7.2Basicity & Nucleophilicity 3.7.3Amides 3.7.4Reactions of Amino Acids 3.7.5Amino Acids

3.8

Polymerisation

3.8.1Properties of Addition Polymers 3.8.2Condensation Polymerisation 3.8.3Effects of Side-Chains on Polymers 3.8.4Hydrolysis of Ester & Amide Groups 3.8.5Proteins 3.8.6DNA 3.8.7Adhesive & Conducting Polymers 3.8.8End of Topic Test - Amines & Proteins

3.9

Analytical Techniques

3.9.1Chromatography 3.9.2High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 3.9.3Gas Chromatography 3.9.4IR Spectroscopy 3.9.5Uses of IR Spectroscopy 3.9.6Mass Spectrometry 3.9.7Mass Spectrometry Analysis 3.9.8Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 3.9.9Carbon-13 NMR 3.9.10Proton NMR I 3.9.11Proton NMR II 3.9.12End of Topic Test - Analytical Techniques 3.9.13A-A* (AO2/3) - Analytical Techniques

3.10

Organic Synthesis

3.10.1Chirality & Drug Synthesis 3.10.2Organic Synthesis 3.10.3Examples of Synthetic Routes 3.10.4End of Topic Test - Organic Synthesis

Practice questions on Intermolecular Forces 2

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1
A permanent dipole is labelled by which of the following?Multiple choice
2
A hydrogen bond is a very strong type of what?Multiple choice
3
Hydrogen bonds exist between hydrogen and any one of the following:Fill in the list
4
Which of the following could form hydrogen bonds?Multiple choice

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Intermolecular Forces

Electronegativity