11.2.1

Antibodies

Test yourself

Structure

Antibodies are proteins called immunoglobulins that are produced by the plasma cells during the immune response. The antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies.

Illustrative background for Variable regionsIllustrative background for Variable regions ?? "content

Variable regions

  • Each antibody has two variable regions.
  • Each antibody has different variable regions.
  • The variable regions bind specifically to specific antigens.
  • One antibody can bind to two antigens. This allows the antigens to be clumped together in agglutination.
Illustrative background for Constant regionsIllustrative background for Constant regions ?? "content

Constant regions

  • Every antibody has the same constant regions.
Illustrative background for Disulfide bridgeIllustrative background for Disulfide bridge ?? "content

Disulfide bridge

  • Antibodies are made from two heavy chains and two light chains.
  • The heavy chains are connected to the light chains by disulfide bridges.
Illustrative background for Hinge proteinIllustrative background for Hinge protein ?? "content

Hinge protein

  • The hinge protein connects the variable region to the constant region.

Jump to other topics

1Cell Structure

2Biological Molecules

3Enzymes

4Cell Membranes & Transport

5The Mitotic Cell Cycle

6Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

7Transport in Plants

8Transport in Mammals

9Gas Exchange

10Infectious Diseases

11Immunity

12Energy & Respiration (A2 Only)

13Photosynthesis (A2 Only)

14Homeostasis (A2 Only)

15Control & Coordination (A2 Only)

16Inherited Change (A2 Only)

17Selection & Evolution (A2 Only)

18Classification & Conservation (A2 Only)

19Genetic Technology (A2 Only)

Unlock your full potential with Seneca Premium

  • Unlimited access to 10,000+ open-ended exam questions

  • Mini-mock exams based on your study history

  • Unlock 800+ premium courses & e-books

Get started with Seneca Premium