11.5.1
Coping With Earthquakes & Volcanoes
Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards
Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards
It is difficult to reduce the impact of tectonic hazards. Scientists cannot predict when earthquakes will happen until a few seconds before they happen. Monitoring and prediction are two ways to reduce the impact.
![Illustrative background for Monitoring](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/87030ff2-b84e-421c-aa3d-f227fdec0356/shutterstock_203997607,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Monitoring ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/87030ff2-b84e-421c-aa3d-f227fdec0356/shutterstock_203997607,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Monitoring
Monitoring
- Using seismometers to detect movements in the Earth can help to predict tectonic hazards, but they only give a few minutes of warning.
- Before volcanic eruptions, small earthquakes, oozing magma or sulfur gas emissions can be warning signs. Keeping watch for any of these things can help to save lives.
- Monitoring volcanoes is easier than monitoring earthquakes.
![Illustrative background for Prediction](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/5ced24af-00b9-4d4d-a407-8feef3b8eddd/shutterstock_721286818,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Prediction ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/5ced24af-00b9-4d4d-a407-8feef3b8eddd/shutterstock_721286818,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Prediction
Prediction
- It is very difficult to reliably predict earthquakes.
- Looking at tectonic plate boundaries helps us know where earthquakes are likely to happen.
Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards
Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards
Protection and planning are two more ways to reduce the potential impact of tectonic hazards.
![Illustrative background for Protection in high income countries](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/ab8e5212-162c-47f2-bab8-79106a5aa42e/shutterstock_679922890,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Protection in high income countries ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/ab8e5212-162c-47f2-bab8-79106a5aa42e/shutterstock_679922890,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Protection in high income countries
Protection in high income countries
- Protection is usually better for reducing the impact of tectonic hazards in high-income countries.
- High-income countries often invest in earthquake-proof buildings. Using cross-bracing, automatic window shutters, fire-resistant materials, and shock absorbers can help reduce damage.
- E.g. the Taipei 101 building has a huge mass damper that reduces the strain on the building.
- Automatic switches can turn off electricity and gas pipes to help reduce the chance of fires.
- Earthquake drills can help to reduce the damage done.
- E.g. Japan has an earthquake day on the 1st September.
![Illustrative background for Protection in low income countries](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/aedba946-e646-4a0f-9ef5-0f35b36c3e65/shutterstock_671191603,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Protection in low income countries ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/aedba946-e646-4a0f-9ef5-0f35b36c3e65/shutterstock_671191603,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Protection in low income countries
Protection in low income countries
- Low-income countries often use cheaper ways to protect buildings.
- Lighter roof materials (sheet metal instead of concrete) and bamboo rods in walls (instead of steel) can help to hold walls together and reduce the damage caused if they collapse.
![Illustrative background for Planning](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/57a90553-36b2-4e59-abb4-be63047e39ed/shutterstock_1018712662,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
![Illustrative background for Planning ?? "content](https://image-v2.cdn.app.senecalearning.com/2018-03/57a90553-36b2-4e59-abb4-be63047e39ed/shutterstock_1018712662,h_400,q_80,w_640.jpg)
Planning
Planning
- High-income countries often have warning systems and evacuation plans in place.
- Japan had a brand new tsunami/earthquake warning system in place for the 2011 earthquake. The Japanese authorities have a system where they take control of all media and give people instructions to evacuate.
- Paramedics, police, and firefighters all receive training for dealing with earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
- Governments can stockpile supplies like tents, food, and water.
- Teaching people about evacuation plans can also help in a disaster. New Zealand has a 'Turtle Safe' drill to teach preschool children.
1Geography Skills
1.1Mapping
2Geology of the UK
2.1The UK's Rocks
2.2Case Study: The Peak District
3Geography of the World
4Development
4.1Development
4.2Uneven Development
4.3Case Study: Democratic Republic of Congo
5Weather & Climate
5.1Weather
5.1.1Weather & Climate
5.1.2Components of Weather
5.1.3Temperature
5.1.4Sunshine, Humidity & Air Pressure
5.1.5Cloud Cover
5.1.6Precipitation
5.1.7Convectional Precipitation
5.1.8Frontal Precipitation
5.1.9Relief or Orographic Precipitation
5.1.10Wind
5.1.11Extreme Wind
5.1.12Recording the Weather
5.1.13Extreme Weather
5.2Climate
6The World of Work
7Natural Resources
7.1Rocks
8Rivers
8.1River Processes & Landforms
8.2Rivers & Flooding
8.2.1Flood Risk Factors
8.2.2Flood Management: Hard Engineering
8.2.3Flood Management: Soft Engineering
8.2.4Flooding Case Study: Boscastle
8.2.5Flooding Case Study: Consequences of Boscastle
8.2.6Flooding Case Study: Responses to Boscastle
8.2.7Flooding Case Study: Bangladesh
8.2.8End of Topic Test - Rivers
8.2.9Rivers Case Study: The Nile
8.2.10Rivers Case Study: The Mississippi
9Coasts
9.1Formation of Coastal Landforms
10Glaciers
10.1Overview of Glaciers & How They Work
10.1.1Distribution of Glaciers
10.1.2Types of Glaciers
10.1.3The Last Ice Age
10.1.4Formation & Movement of Glaciers
10.1.5Shaping of Landscapes by Glaciers
10.1.6Glacial Landforms Created by Erosion
10.1.7Glacial Till & Outwash Plain
10.1.8Moraines
10.1.9Drumlins & Erratics
10.1.10End of Topic Tests - Glaciers
10.1.11Tourism in Glacial Landscapes
10.1.12Strategies for Coping with Tourists
10.1.13Case Study - Lake District: Tourism
10.1.14Case Study - Lake District: Management
11Tectonics
11.1Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics
11.2Volcanoes
11.3Earthquakes
11.5Managing the Risk of Volcanoes & Earthquakes
12Climate Change
12.1The Causes & Consequences of Climate Change
12.1.1Evidence for Climate Change
12.1.2Natural Causes of Climate Change
12.1.3Human Causes of Climate Change
12.1.4The Greenhouse Effect
12.1.5Effects of Climate Change on the Environment
12.1.6Effects of Climate Change on People
12.1.7Climate Change Predictions
12.1.8Uncertainty About Future Climate Change
12.1.9Mitigating Against Climate Change
12.1.10Adapting to Climate Change
12.1.11Case Study: Bangladesh
13Global Population & Inequality
14Urbanisation
14.1Urbanisation
14.1.1Rural Characterisitcs
14.1.2Urban Characteristics
14.1.3Urbanisation Growth
14.1.4The Land Use Model
14.1.5Rural-Urban Pull Factors
14.1.6Rural-Urban Push Factors
14.1.7The Impacts of Migration
14.1.8Challenges of Urban Areas in Developed Countries
14.1.9Challenges of Urban Areas in Developing Countries
14.1.10Urban Sustainability
14.1.11Case Study: China's Urbanisation
14.1.12Major UK Cities
14.1.13Urbanisation in the UK
14.1.14End of Topic Test- Urbanisation
14.1.15End of Topic Test - Urban Issues
15Ecosystems
15.1The Major Biomes
15.2Case Study: The Amazon Rainforest
16Life in an Emerging Country
16.1Case Studies
17Analysis of Africa
17.1Africa
17.1.1Desert Biomes in Africa
17.1.2The Semi-Desert Biome
17.1.3The Savanna Biome
17.1.4Overview of Tropical Rainforests
17.1.5Colonisation History
17.1.6Population Distribution in Africa
17.1.7Economic Resources in Africa
17.1.8Urbanisation in Africa
17.1.9Africa's Location
17.1.10Physical Geography of Africa
17.1.11Desertification in Africa
17.1.12Reducing the Risk of Desertification
17.1.13Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Opportunities
17.1.14Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Development
18Analysis of India
18.1India - Physical Geography
19Analysis of the Middle East
19.1The Middle East
19.1.1Physical Geography of the Middle East
19.1.2Human Geography of the Middle East
19.1.3Climate Zones in the Middle East
19.1.4Climate Comparison with the UK
19.1.5Oil & Natural Gas in the Middle East
19.1.6Water in the Middle East
19.1.7Population of the Middle East
19.1.8Development Case Studies: The UAE
19.1.9Development Case Studies: Yemen
19.1.10Supporting Development in Yemen
19.1.11Connection to the UK
19.1.12Importance of Oil
19.1.13Oil & Tourism in the UAE
20Analysis of Bangladesh
20.1Bangladesh Physical Geography
21Analysis of Russia
21.1Russia's Physical Geography
21.2Russia's Human Geography
Jump to other topics
1Geography Skills
1.1Mapping
2Geology of the UK
2.1The UK's Rocks
2.2Case Study: The Peak District
3Geography of the World
4Development
4.1Development
4.2Uneven Development
4.3Case Study: Democratic Republic of Congo
5Weather & Climate
5.1Weather
5.1.1Weather & Climate
5.1.2Components of Weather
5.1.3Temperature
5.1.4Sunshine, Humidity & Air Pressure
5.1.5Cloud Cover
5.1.6Precipitation
5.1.7Convectional Precipitation
5.1.8Frontal Precipitation
5.1.9Relief or Orographic Precipitation
5.1.10Wind
5.1.11Extreme Wind
5.1.12Recording the Weather
5.1.13Extreme Weather
5.2Climate
6The World of Work
7Natural Resources
7.1Rocks
8Rivers
8.1River Processes & Landforms
8.2Rivers & Flooding
8.2.1Flood Risk Factors
8.2.2Flood Management: Hard Engineering
8.2.3Flood Management: Soft Engineering
8.2.4Flooding Case Study: Boscastle
8.2.5Flooding Case Study: Consequences of Boscastle
8.2.6Flooding Case Study: Responses to Boscastle
8.2.7Flooding Case Study: Bangladesh
8.2.8End of Topic Test - Rivers
8.2.9Rivers Case Study: The Nile
8.2.10Rivers Case Study: The Mississippi
9Coasts
9.1Formation of Coastal Landforms
10Glaciers
10.1Overview of Glaciers & How They Work
10.1.1Distribution of Glaciers
10.1.2Types of Glaciers
10.1.3The Last Ice Age
10.1.4Formation & Movement of Glaciers
10.1.5Shaping of Landscapes by Glaciers
10.1.6Glacial Landforms Created by Erosion
10.1.7Glacial Till & Outwash Plain
10.1.8Moraines
10.1.9Drumlins & Erratics
10.1.10End of Topic Tests - Glaciers
10.1.11Tourism in Glacial Landscapes
10.1.12Strategies for Coping with Tourists
10.1.13Case Study - Lake District: Tourism
10.1.14Case Study - Lake District: Management
11Tectonics
11.1Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics
11.2Volcanoes
11.3Earthquakes
11.5Managing the Risk of Volcanoes & Earthquakes
12Climate Change
12.1The Causes & Consequences of Climate Change
12.1.1Evidence for Climate Change
12.1.2Natural Causes of Climate Change
12.1.3Human Causes of Climate Change
12.1.4The Greenhouse Effect
12.1.5Effects of Climate Change on the Environment
12.1.6Effects of Climate Change on People
12.1.7Climate Change Predictions
12.1.8Uncertainty About Future Climate Change
12.1.9Mitigating Against Climate Change
12.1.10Adapting to Climate Change
12.1.11Case Study: Bangladesh
13Global Population & Inequality
14Urbanisation
14.1Urbanisation
14.1.1Rural Characterisitcs
14.1.2Urban Characteristics
14.1.3Urbanisation Growth
14.1.4The Land Use Model
14.1.5Rural-Urban Pull Factors
14.1.6Rural-Urban Push Factors
14.1.7The Impacts of Migration
14.1.8Challenges of Urban Areas in Developed Countries
14.1.9Challenges of Urban Areas in Developing Countries
14.1.10Urban Sustainability
14.1.11Case Study: China's Urbanisation
14.1.12Major UK Cities
14.1.13Urbanisation in the UK
14.1.14End of Topic Test- Urbanisation
14.1.15End of Topic Test - Urban Issues
15Ecosystems
15.1The Major Biomes
15.2Case Study: The Amazon Rainforest
16Life in an Emerging Country
16.1Case Studies
17Analysis of Africa
17.1Africa
17.1.1Desert Biomes in Africa
17.1.2The Semi-Desert Biome
17.1.3The Savanna Biome
17.1.4Overview of Tropical Rainforests
17.1.5Colonisation History
17.1.6Population Distribution in Africa
17.1.7Economic Resources in Africa
17.1.8Urbanisation in Africa
17.1.9Africa's Location
17.1.10Physical Geography of Africa
17.1.11Desertification in Africa
17.1.12Reducing the Risk of Desertification
17.1.13Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Opportunities
17.1.14Case Study: The Sahara Desert - Development
18Analysis of India
18.1India - Physical Geography
19Analysis of the Middle East
19.1The Middle East
19.1.1Physical Geography of the Middle East
19.1.2Human Geography of the Middle East
19.1.3Climate Zones in the Middle East
19.1.4Climate Comparison with the UK
19.1.5Oil & Natural Gas in the Middle East
19.1.6Water in the Middle East
19.1.7Population of the Middle East
19.1.8Development Case Studies: The UAE
19.1.9Development Case Studies: Yemen
19.1.10Supporting Development in Yemen
19.1.11Connection to the UK
19.1.12Importance of Oil
19.1.13Oil & Tourism in the UAE
20Analysis of Bangladesh
20.1Bangladesh Physical Geography
21Analysis of Russia
21.1Russia's Physical Geography
21.2Russia's Human Geography
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